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Instructional Media
Pre 20th century – Teacher chalkboard and textbook is how the instruction was presented to the learners. -
School Musems
“served as the central administrative unit[s] for visual instruction by [their] distribution of portable museum exhibits, stereographs [three-dimensional photographs], slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials” -
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Profesional Organizations
Five national professional organizations for visual instruction were established, five journals on visual instruction, more than twenty teach training institutions began to offer courses. -
Increased Visual Materials
This period marked the inscrease of visual materials such as films, pictures, and lantern slides. Known as the visual instruction movement -
Ralph Tyler
Ralph Tyler directed an evaluation of the progressive education movement. His eight year study led him to believe that curriculum and instruction should be based on evidence from emperical research. He came up with the four elements for curriculum and instruction:1. Identify the purpose 2. Select learning experienes 3. Organize these experiences 4. Evaluate the effectiveness -
Merging of National Organizations
Merging of three national professional organizations for visual instruction became Department of Visual Instruction now called the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. -
WWII Approaching
- With WWII approaching, the growth of audiovisual instruction slowed in the schools, AV was used extensively in military services and industry for instruction
- With WWII approaching, the growth of audiovisual instruction slowed in the schools, AV was used extensively in military services and industry for instruction
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Origins
Origins of instructional design procedures were traced to WWII, large number of psychologist and educators were conducting experimental research and development training for military. -
Motion Picture
Motion picture projector was on of the first media devises used in schools. -
Television
Television became a medium for delivering instruction -
Cognitivism
Cognitive theories stress the acquisition of knowledge and internal mental structures, focus on the conceptualization of the students' learning processes. -
Behaviorism
Behaviorism focuses on the importance of the consequences of those performances and contends that responses that are followed by reinforcement are more likely to recur in the future. -
B. F. Skinner
B. F. Skinner’s article “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” discussed his ideas concerning requirements for increased human learning and desired characteristics of effective instructional materials. -
Robert Mager
Robert Mager recognized the need to teach educators how to write objectives through “Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction” -
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Instructional Technology was view as a Process
Number of leaders in the field started discussing it in a different way, not just equating it with media but discussing it as a process. Finn said it should be viewed as a way of looking at instructional problems and examining feasible solutions -
The 1963 Definition
The first definition to be approved by the major professional organization within the field of educational technology. It was produces by a commision established by the Dpeartment of Audiovisual Instruction. It stated that the field was not simply about media. -
"The Conditions of Learning"
In “The Conditions of Learning”, Robert Gagne described five domains of learning outcomes (verbal information, intellectural skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, cognitive strategies) -
Early Instructional Theory
Application of instructional models began to thrive and the term instructional design was used more widespread than ever before. -
The 1977 Definition
The association for Educational Communication and Technology adopted a new definition of the field. The definition read: Educational technology is a complex integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, implementing, evaluating and managing solution to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning. -
Interest Grew
Widespread interest in computer use as an instructional tool -
Human Performance
Human performance improvement movement, emphasis on job performance, business results and a non-instructional solution to performance problems thus has broadened the scope of instructional design. -
Constructivism
Constructivism was the new kid on the block. Constructivism is a theory that equates learning with creating meaning from experience. Both learner and environmental factors are crucial to constructivism. Very few learning models at this time used the ideas of constructivism. -
The 1994 Definition: Beyond viewing the instructional technology as a process
The new definition of instructional technology was that Instructional Technology is the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for learning. -
Surveys
surveys revealed schools in the United States possessed an average of one computer per nine students. -
Internet Use Rises
increased use of the internet as a means of presenting instruction to the learner- major influence on the field of instructional design -
Modern Days
In recent years technologies such as computers, mobile devices, social networking and internet have become everyday devices for gaining new skills and knowledge -
The Latest AECT Definition
AECT produced a book the presented a new definition stating educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. -
1970 Definitions
In 1970 Commission of Intructional Technology produced a report entitled To Improve Learning. In this two definitions were constructed. First related to the older view of instructional technology while the second offered instructional technology as more of a process.