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Indigenous peoples were not immigrants, however, they migrated from other regions and established their cultures in California.
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People moved out of Siberia and the bureau Asian continents into North America across a land bridge and settled in groups. Migration was not a constant flow as some may believe, but a “dripping faucet” according to historians.
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It is believed the Chumashan likely was the first spoken tribal language to emerge. Those who spoke Chumashan may have had settlements along the Santa Barbara coast. The language and its dialects have evolved since.
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Pre-Chumashan speaking people may have arrived first, followed by Yukian speaking groups, such as Yuki, Lake Miwok, and Wappo.
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Following the previously mentioned groups, who spoke Yukian, Hokan speaking groups emerged. These groups consisted of Shastan, Atsugewi, Pomo, and other groups that settled along the Colorado River.
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The climate was described to be affected by the aridification of low elevation coastal areas. This created cooling temperatures in North America. Additionally, the region experienced the emergence of El Nino/La Nina Equatorial weather patterns. Changes in climate created stressors regarding resources which ultimately serve as a push factor for tribal migration.
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Yokuts were the most numerous, followed by Maidu, Patwin, Wintun, Miwok, and Ohlone. By Spanish settlement, Penutian speaking groups composed 30% of tribal populations.
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Uto-Aztecan stock language subfamilies experience a massive distribution. This included the Numic, Takic, Piman, Opatan, Cahita, Corachol, and Nahuan.
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Indigenous California went through a period of cultural effusion prior to Spanish colonization. Existing tribes had developed an intensive system and network of trading. These interactions and trading trails further promote the diffusion of cultures.
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The pandemic was not definite and the effects were uncertain.
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Anthropologists estimate the Chumash population reached 15,000.
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The Spanish maintained the Theory of a “Providential Mission” to promote their expansion of Spanish influence to other parts of the world. Spanish authorities believed that union of humankind under a single ruler would establish lasting peace. This theory emphasizes the role of Catholicism and sought to convert “heathens” as a religious duty. The imperialist agenda catalyzed the Debate at Valladolid between Las Casas and Sepulveda regarding the treatment of indigenous peoples.
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Queen Elizabeth I had ordered Sir Francis Drake to “go harass the Spanish in the Great Lake”, known as the Pacific Ocean.
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Drake anchors his boat at present-day Point Reyes for weeks. During this expedition, Drake and his men used sign language to communicate with native populations.
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Jesuits around the world were placed in exile and forced to renounce their vows.
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Missions were not only churches, but were huge economic institutions. They served as foundations for colonization and converted indigenous communities. The missions had forced natives to manual labor in poor working/living conditions.
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The Spanish saw California as a means of “God, Gold, and Glory”. California would allow the Spanish to restore their center of power and promote economic development.
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This mission was found in 1771 and infamous for soldiers’ barbarity, slow conversion rates, rape crimes, and rising cases of STDs.
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The mourning dance was prohibited as a means of indigenous erasure in tandem with forced conservations.
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Spanish army officer, Jose Francisco, had established Presidio.
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In Santa Barbara, cattle, sheep and goats regularly populated the region. However, the arrival of the Spanish introduced animals, such as horses, donkeys, mules, hogs, chickens, cats, dogs, and rats.
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Measles epidemic caused 40% of children to die.
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The Spanish moved the Chapel to the hospital in response to high mortality rates of indigenous peoples.
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Spain convenes Cortes of Cadiz which outlines the plan for indigenous freedom and full citizenship throughout the Spanish Empire.
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This granted indigenous and colonial-born subjects full citizenship. It also codified Spain’s plan to secularize all religious institutions.
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The Spanish moved the mortuary to the hospital due to the immense amount of dead bodies from these poor conditions.
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Mexico gains independence after decade-long struggles. The secular governmental officials of Mexico took over California’s government.
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After 1821, free trade, open commerce, and frontier institutions were replacing the economic power of missions.
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The Chumash resisted coerced entry to the mission.
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War began to spread to other missions in the Chumash area as a result of the sacking of Santa Ynez.
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California missions began the secularization process.
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Missions began to secularize lands and ordered that all neophyte families obtain land previously occupied by missions. This was in response to the migration of Anglos to North America for the Gold Rush.
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Many neophytes returned to villages in Northern California or migrated to pueblos in the southern region of California in order to stay out of Rancheros.
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James Marshall was building a saw mill for John Sutter and encountered gold in Coloma. Despite warnings from natives that the gold would bring out demons, Marshall had extracted the gold.
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Mariano Vallejo gave Sutter a land grant near Fort Ross to act as a physical buffer between Californios and Russians.
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The Russians gave their land grant to Sutter.
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This act allowed American squatters to obtain larger claims of 160 acres in land.
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Tao trappers arrived in California as butchers, soap-makers, cabinet-makers, house joiners, sawmill operators, stonemason, carpenters, boatbuilders, ferry operators, etc.
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In 1845, Fremont made his third trip to California despite being banned by Mexican authorities in 1842. Although Fremont claimed he had accidentally entered the state, he was caught and expelled.
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In the Bay Area, a majority of families residing in the area had Indian servants. This was due to the established Indian Slave Trade in Northern Calfornia. Many enslaved populations consisted of children.
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Despite being banned and expelled multiple times, he makes his return in 1846 and takes control of U.S. military forces during the Mexican-American War.
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The treaty established the agreement that ended the conquest and conflict in California, resulting in a ceasefire between Californios and Americans.
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Local people began to “rush” to gold regions.
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The news of the Gold Rush reached the Pacific Rim, where experienced miners populated. Animal power was utilized by these miners in lieu of water power and panning.
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Gold Fever struck young Americans around the nation to migrate to the West to mine for gold or establish businesses in the newly populated regions in hopes for economic prosperity.
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By 1849, San Francisco was populated with 35,000 residents, most of whom were Chinese immigrants. The area was deemed the most important city in the west with economic growth centered in banking, trade, commerce, and transport.
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Major tracts of land were available to developments that established industrial, manufacturing, shipbuilding, and hotel offices.
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The act incentivized the government to assist railroad developments.
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Laborers from various countries and coasts finished the construction of the railroad that linked the coasts in order to transport goods and people.
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As anti-Chinese sentiments developed and spread, hate crimes began to occur, resulting in the Los Angeles Massacre.
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National depression hit due to alleged competition between white and Asian laborers. This resulted in the Sandlot “rallies” and marches on Chinatown.
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80% of residents in San Francisco were either immigrants or first-generation immigrants.
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This encompassed land disputes over water and irrigation rights that resulted in the death of seven people.
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The court case prohibited all hydraulic mining in California.
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The act established a series of laws and served as a response to disputes over access to water.
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Frank Norris released his novel commentating on monopoly capital referring to the railroads.
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Western states, especially California, experienced an immense growth of Black populations from the South. Migration changes also were affected by the Bracero Program. This was an agreement between the U.S. and Mexico to remedy the lack of labor forces during WWII. Migrants from Oklahoma also participated in the migration.
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FDR banned racial discrimination in war employment.
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California had 16 military aircrafts ready to defend the state.
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FDR created War Production Boards to manage labor needs and wages.
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This agreement worked to supplement the work force in the U.S. which lasted until 1964.
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The executive order called for the removal of Japanese people from the “Special Military Exclusion Zone” in the West Coast. In January, Japanese Internment began.
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White sailors invaded Latine L.A. to attack young people. The riots lasted for five days and injured 150 Mexican Americans.
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Gonzalo Medez sues Westminster schools for segregation and racist practices.
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320 people were killed during an explosion while loading ammunition and ordnance.
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Black sailors refused to return to their site after recovery. They were arrested and convicted of mutiny.
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10-30 million residents
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This established one of the largest water redistribution systems.
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This provided $10.5 billion for transportation developments.
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This prohibits employers and labor unions from discriminating against workers.
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This prohibits the discrimination by businesses and provides victims the monetary assistance to sue for damages in state courts.
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The 60s experienced a shift from rural areas and small towns to suburbs.
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This worked to improve the state’s water infrastructure.
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This prohibited racial discrimination in regards to housing.
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Reagan ordered the California National Guard to tear gas student activists during a protest at Berkeley.
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This sparked the “Save Our State” initiative that made it possible for local authorities to investigate the immigration status of those who receive public aid.
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