-
Bismarck forms Germany
Bismarck uses myth of German nationalism to unite German nation -
Period: to
De. pop. grows 60%
Fuels industry and urbanization -
Period: to
The Great War
-
De. still thinks victory is possible
-
Clear that war is lost
-
End unrestricted submarine warfare
-
Kaiser Wilhelm forced to abdicate
Flees to Netherlands -
1 Million casualties
De. a shadow of its former self, it's a psychological defeat -
Period: to
Protests in De.
-
Treaty of Versailles signed
-
British blockade has devastating effect on De. ppl
-
Renaming of Nazi party
Changes from German Workers Party (DAP) to National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) -
Ruhr Occupation
Heavy debt
Decline in exports
Followed with strike which causes hyperinflation -
Period: to
Governance of chancellor Gustav Stresemann
-
Beer Hall Putsch
NSDAP capture head of Bavarian gov't
Incite rev.
March to Berlin
Hitler arrested two days later -
Hyperinflation in De.
-
Hitler sentenced to jail
Sentenced to five years
Serves eight months -
Nazis launch propaganda campaign
Get 18% of the vote -
Nazis the largest party
-
Hitler appointed chancellor
-
Reichstag Fire
Blamed on communist conspiracy
Decree that suspended human rights
Enabling Act that made Nazis the only legal party -
Hitler passes Enabling Act
-
In De. 200k detained
Mostly commies
Allowed b/c of Reichstag fire -
Period: to
300k sterilized
-
Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring established
-
Period: to
Night of the Long Knives
Stormtroops/Brownshirts/SA purged.
Fabricated betrayl
Hitler looks like liberator -
Theodor Ficke made Inspector of Concentration camps
-
De. begins to rearm
Rearms
Conscription brought back -
23 SA men in prison
-
Period: to
De. implements revisionist foreign policy
-
Nuremberg Laws established
-
Successful rearmament of Rhineland
Triumph increases ego
Leads to future risky decisions -
De in crisis
Shortages in bread, material and currency
Economic policy needed -
Introduction of Four Year Plan
De to be self sufficient
Rely on less imports -
Himmler made commander of all police forces in De.
-
Period: to
SS Concentration Camp system established
-
Himmler appointed chief of German police
-
Germany takes Austria
Austria yields to Germany
Taken by force -
Italy implements anti-Semite laws
Pressured by De. to do so
Laws not followed through -
Economic Aryanization of property
Jews not allowed to conduct business
Jewish property confiscated -
Period: to
1,200 die in concentration camps
1st targets: political opponents
2nd targets: handicapped -
Jews order to register their property
-
Hitler begins campaign to take Czechoslovakia
-
Kristallnacht
7,000+ businesses/shops/apts burned
10s of 1000s Jews arrested and sent to concentration camps
Orders to pay 1B reichmarks for reparations -
Czechoslovakia annexed by De.
-
Westerbork transit camp established
Originally a refugee camp -
Period: to
Expulsion and concrentration
Ghettoization
Not extermination -
The Law of Restoration of the Professional Service
Non-Aryan civil servants forced to retire -
De. & USSR sign Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
Secret agreement which divides Poland b/w the two states -
De. invades Poland and war declared
-
250K Jews in De.
-
Period: to
World War II
-
Judenrat established
-
Construction of Ghettos ordered
-
Poland surrenders to De.
-
Hitler authorizes sterilization program
-
2.5M Jews under German control
-
Period: to
Action T4 euthanasia program
Handicapped killed
Program stopped b/c public opposition -
Period: to
Jews from Polish territories deported
5.6M deported to General Gov't -
Odilo "Globos" Globocnik made SS and Police leader in Lublin
-
Period: to
Resettlement of Poles in General Gov't
280K during this time -
De. begins plan to defeat USSR
-
Racial policy and war at stalemate
Plans drawn up to defeat USSR -
De. occupies Denmark
-
Lodz 1st ghetto sealed
Jews cannot leave -
Netherlands surrenders
Occupied by people who believe in Nazi ideology -
Armistice France and De.
Vichy France collaboration with Nazis -
Hitler divides USSR territories into N. and S.
-
Warsaw Ghetto sealed
-
Amsterdam rebellion
Dutch commies strike against Jewish persecution -
Belzec being constructed
-
Hitler believes he can implement Race & Space plan
-
Dire conditions in Warsaw ghetto
Adam Czerniakov writes in diary
Increasing starvation
Decreasing Jewish wealth
Supplies diminishing -
Period: to
Operation Barbarossa
-
63K killed by Eisengruppen on Eastern front
-
Babi Yar
Sept 29-30
33K killed
Near Kiev, Ukraine -
Period: to
Operation Reinhard
1.5 million Jews killed -
Reports on imports into Warsaw ghetto
2.2M zloyts ($$$) of legal imports
80M in illegal imports -
Use of gas vans begins
-
10K deported to Chelmno
-
Wannsee Conference
Meeting of German officials
Extermination of Jews already decided -
First gassings at Belzec
-
De. begins deportations out of France
-
First gassings
30K Jews from Lublin ghetto -
First transports arrive at Sobibor
-
Summer, Western Jews now deported to Auschwitz
-
De. demands France deport 100K Jews by end of year
Pierre Lavel complies -
Killings start at Treblinka
-
Himmler orders that all Jews in General Gov't be liquidated by end of yr
-
Treblinka in crisis
In first five week 300k Jews killed
Arrivals stopped and corpses cleaned up (Aug 28) -
Elder Rumkowski asks Jews to give him their children
-
Germans turn to deport Jews
War going bad and blame Jews for it -
Period: to
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
15 Nazis killed, 90 wounded
56k Jews captured either killed immediately or deported -
Warsaw ghetto liquidated to Treblinka
Treblinka shuit down shortly after
700-900K killed -
Germans retreat from Hungary
They're losing -
Allied invasion of Sicily
-
Italian King deposes Mussolini
Ceasefire occurs -
Treblinka uprising
350-400 Jews killed
400 escaped
100 survive then; of them 50 see end of war -
Autumn: Hungary Jews wear star and deported
-
Diplomat informs Denmark of impending deportation
Jews smuggled out of Denmark into Sweden
7,200 Danish Jews rescued in 2 wks -
Period: to
Italy: Jews rounded up and transit camps established
-
Sobibor Uprising
47 Sobibor prisoners survive to see end of war -
De. occupies Hungary
Deport 300k Jews in 3 mths -
Spring 1st evaucations in East b/c of USSR advancement
-
Hungary occupied by Germany
-
Period: to
Majdanek prisoners transported to Auschwitz
-
Term "genocide" coined by Raphael Lemkin
Used to explain Nazi and Turkish massacres of Jews and Armenians -
Autumn Auschwitz prep for evacuation
-
Auschwitz gassings stopped
-
Auschwitz liberated
7,500 liberated -
Liberations mean an end for Himmler
-
Ohrdruf 1st Western camp liberated
-
Period: to
Holocaust not spoken about
Memorials emphasize nationality -
Liberation of Dachau
-
Period: to
Camp trials
At Dachau, Belsen, Mauthausen, Ravensbruck -
Period: to
Int. Military Tribunal (IMT)
Included major Nazis such as Hans Frank, Herman Goering, Alfred Rosenberg -
Period: to
Subsequent Nuremberg Trials (NMT)
Includes doctors, Reich ministries, Einsatzgruppen -
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide approved by UN
-
Period: to
Explosion of Holocaust Remembrance
Reversed destruction of memory