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13th Amendment
The 13th Amendment said "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." This Amendment abolished slavery, it was passed January 31st, 1865 and ratified on this day. The freedom of slaves came to be after the Civil War. -
Black Codes
After the Reconstruction time period slavery was abolished but African Americans did not have complete freedom. Black codes were a series of restricting laws that forced a lot of blacks to still be a labor source. Many states (southern) pushed annual work contracts on colored people and the majority of them would be arrested or fined if they didn't sign them. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment was passed to prevent the states from restricting basic rights to citizens or any other person. States were discriminating African Americans and other former slaves freed after the war. The US passed this so that any person born in the country or who had obtained their citizenship would be treated equally even in regards to their race. -
Sharecropping/ Tenant farming
Sharecropping and tenant farming were labor systems used after the Civil War. They both required people to work other's land and pay rent with a portion of the crops. This was created after former slaves needed jobs and the farmers needed workers for their crops. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment granted suffrage (the right to vote) to all men whether they were colored or not. Black code limitations which didn't give blacks social rights, were overturned when this amendment was ratified. This also allowed for AA men to hold a political office. -
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow laws were restrictions put of blacks after the reconstruction era which segregated them from white people. Jim Crow was a slang term for 'negro'. These laws prevented colored people from living getting jobs, going certain places, having political power, and many more things. -
Lynching (start)
In less than a 100 year time period over 4,000 reports of lynching had occurred in the U.S. Lynching is the killing of people, usually hanging without an actual offense or trial. The first recorded colored person to be lynched was Emmett Till who was beaten brutally for speaking to a white woman. -
Plessy v Ferguson
Homer Plessy sat in a whites-only car and was arrested because he was colored. At the time separate but equal laws were set so he was supposed to ride in a blacks car even though he was 1/8th black.The Supreme court said that was had happened did not violate the 14th Amendment so segregation remained legal. -
19th Amendment
This Amendment gave women the right to vote. It took women decades of protesting and petitioning to finally gain the right of suffrage in 1920. women how helped contribute to this include Elizabeth Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony. -
20th Amendment
The 20th Amendment goes into detail about when the president and vice presidents begin and end, congressional details, and the replacement of the president. This is also called the lame duck Amendment. This was put in order because originally, members of congress wouldn't go into office officially until 4 month after the election. -
Federal Housing Authority
The FHA set sets standards for construction and underwriting. Also insures loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. They wanted to improve the standards of housing conditions and help the mortgage marketing system. -
Nonviolent protest (start)
non-violent protest is the act of marching, civil disobedience, petitioning, and boycotts for political and social changes. There was a lot of peaceful protest during this time period because of segregation, women's rights, and just equal rights in general for all citizens and colored people in the states. Mahatma Ghandi was a big inspiration for peaceful resistance but during the civil rights movement Martin Luther King Jr. was the head figure . -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector P. Garcia was a mexican-american civil rights advocate who founded the american G.I. forum. Not only did he advocate for veterans, he defended hispanics and immigrants. Garcia helped immigrant workers in Texas get their basic needs because they were poorly paid and cared for. -
Brown v Board of Ed
This court case arose when Linda brown, a 3rd graded student was denied an education because she was black. Colored schools were not given the required education, but simply prepared them for a life and adulthood of living below others because of their skin. The separate but equal law was violated and this overturned Plessy v Ferguson which began to slowly end segregation. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks is famously known for refusing to give up her seat to a white person on this day in 1955. Parks was arrested for this and worked with MLK Jr. in the Montgomery Bus Boycotts. She also worked for the NAACP and was used as a public figure. -
Montgomery bus boycott (beginning)
The Montgomery Bus Boycott a political and social protest against segregation of public transportation systems. Colored people stopped taking the bus and walked, rode bikes, used transportation given by other colored people, and even got rides from white citizens to continuing getting places. After a long 381 days segregated buses were considered unconstitutional and was a major victory in the civil rights movement. -
Civil Disobedience
Civil disobedience is the refusal to abide by certain laws for specific reasons or if thought unjust. This was shown by any sort of protesting, petitioning, and boycotting. Civil disobedience was very big in this time period because of laws regarding immigration, segregation, women's rights, and general discrimination. -
Orville Faubus
At the time Orville Faubus was the governor of Arkansas . Faubus was best known for his stand in the desegregation of Little Rock High School where he ordered Arkansas National Guard on this day to stop the little rock 9 from entering the school. He was all for segregation and the orders he gave were interrupted by president Eisenhower when he got US Army soldiers to escort the kids to and from school daily. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights Act was passed on this day to protect voting rights and prevent interference in voting. It was the first civil rights legislation since reconstruction. This was established because colored people were being discriminated and weren't being given fair rights to vote. -
Sit-ins (start)
sit-ins started in 1960 after 4 colored university students sat at a "whites only" counter and were refused service. The most famous sit-ins were held in Greensboro, NC where the protest reached from 4 students to 300 in just a matter of days. Sit-ins received violent reactions from segregationists and the act continued until a store owner had lost $200,000 and finally got colored employees to serve the customers. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative action was used to describe the laws set to prevent discrimination. Citizens were not to be denied a job or education because of their sex, skin color, and or race. This created equal opportunities and employability which helped the economy. -
George Wallace
George Wallace was best known as a segregationist who said on this day "I said segregation today, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever." He was the governor of Alabama at the time and ran for president 4 times. Wallace battled against the civil rights movement and defied the integration of schools in Alabama -
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. was a leader of the civil rights movement who advocated nonviolent civil disobedience and was well-known for his "I Have a Dream" speech which he gave on August 28th, 1963. MLK demanded equal rights for colored people and was a skilled speaker. He was the youngest man to earn the Nobel Peace Prize and was a powerful leader up until his assassination in 1968. -
24th Amendment
This amendment prohibits congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of taxes. it was proposed august 27th, 1962. -
Lester Maddox
Lester Maddox was well known for his actions on this day after he refused to serve 3 colored students at his restaurant. The Civil Rights Act had just been signed and he was not hesitant to violate it. Maddox was also the governor of Georgia even though he had not ever held a public office previously. -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
civil rights and US labor laws in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, and or sex. It prohibited unequal voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment areas, and public areas. -
Desegregation
desegregation was the process of ending the separation of two groups colored and white. Desegregation was long a focus of the Civil Rights Movement, both before and after the United States Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, particularly desegregation of the school systems and the military. Desegregation, also called integration, was a big problem in the 20th century and made colored people feel below others and as if they didn't belong. -
Head Start
head start was a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides early education for children, health, nutrition, and parent involving services to low-income parents and their children. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the Civil Rights Movement on August 6, 1965, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the Act is considered to be the most effective piece of federal civil rights legislation ever enacted in the country. -
Upward Bound
upward bound is a federally funded educational program within the United States. The program is one of a cluster of programs now referred to as TRIO, all of which owe their existence to the federal Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 (the War on Poverty Program) and the Higher Education Act of 1965. Upward Bound programs are implemented and monitored by the United States Department of Education. -
Betty Friedan
an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the women's movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan co-founded and was elected the first president of NOW, which aimed to bring women into the mainstream of American society now fully equal partnership with men. -
Thurgood Marshall
On this day Thurgood Marshall become the first African American to serve as a supreme court justice. Before that he was a distinguished lawyer and had first hand experience with oppression because he was the grandson of a slave. He also argued and won Brown v Board of education and was in the counsel for the NAACP -
Cesar Chavez
an American labor leader and civil rights activist who, with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (later the United Farm Workers union, UFW) in 1962. He fought for basic needs of farm workers so they could have decent hygiene and get paid for their work. -
26th Amendment
Prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States who are at least eighteen years old. The drive to lower the voting age from 21 to 18 grew across the country during the 1960s, driven largely by the broader student activism movement protesting the Vietnam War. On March 23, 1971, a proposal to lower the voting age to 18 years was adopted by both houses of Congress and sent to the states for ratification. -
Title XI (9)
title 9 says no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
