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- Communication through spoken word, stories, and songs.
- Limited reach, primarily within small communities.
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- Emergence of written language (e.g., hieroglyphics, cuneiform).
- Enabled preservation and dissemination of knowledge.
- Restricted to the educated elite in most cases.
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Revolutionized mass communication. -
- Books, newspapers, and pamphlets became widely available.
- Democratization of information but still limited to literate populations.
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- Technological advancements (steam-powered presses, telegraphs) accelerated mass communication.
- Rise of newspapers as a primary source of information.
- Mass distribution of printed materials.
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- Introduction of radio and television.
- Mass audiences could access news and entertainment simultaneously.
- Emergence of advertising as a dominant revenue source.
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- Internet and digital technologies transformed mass communication.
- Emergence of online news, social media, and web-based content.
- Fragmentation of audiences and rise of user-generated content.