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Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
Francine (age 3) struggles in her newly emerging efforts to dress herself each morning, but her mother, Nancy, does not typically intervene because she believes it's important to nurture Erica's growing sense of independence. In Erikson's second stage, autonomy vs. shame & doubt, the crisis is between the budding development of free will/self-confidence and uncertainty in oneself. -
Industry vs. Inferiority
Francine (age 10) has exhibited outstanding artistic abilities during art-related school activities. Francine's teacher takes notice of Francine's work and encourages her to join the school art club. Erica, normally critical of her own work, listens to the suggestion, joins the art club, and gains confidence in her artistic abilities. In Erikson's fourth stage, industry vs. inferiority, the crisis is between meeting societal expectations and feeling insecure about ones personal capabilities. -
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Francine (age 42) has a steady career as a nurse, a husband of 17 years, two teenage daughters, and, once a week, teaches free art classes at a community center for disadvantaged families. Francine contributes to society and feels rewarded through her career as a nurse, active parenting, and volunteer work. In Erikson's seventh stage, generativity vs. stagnation, the crisis is between accomplishing meaningful life goals and discontinuing progress that supplements a fulfilling purpose.
