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13th Amendment
13th amendment abolished slavery . the soutj -
14th amendment
granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the U.S,” which included former slaves recently freed. it forbids states from denying any person "life, liberty or property, without due process of law" or to "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” 14th Amendment greatly expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment. -
15th amendment
granted african American men the rightto vote by declaring the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied by the U.S or by any sate on the account of race,color, or previos condition of servitude" -
NAACP- W.E.B. DuBois
(NAACP) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.mission was to make sure the political, educational, social & economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. -
LULAC
was created to combat the discrimination faced by Hispanics in the United States. The Mission of the League of United Latin American Citizens is to advance the economic condition, educational attainment, political influence, housing, health and civil rights of the Hispanic population of the United States -
Edgewood vs Kirby
the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund filed suit against William kirby. citing discrimination against students in poor school districts. The plaintiffs charged that the state's methods of funding public schools violated at least four principles of the state constitution, which obligated the state legislature to provide an efficient and free public school system -
FHA/HUD
is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market. -
HUAC
to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties -
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rock & roll music
rock and roll started with Elvis. rock and roll changed the society and the outlook on young teenagers because they were seeing as rebilous. -
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2nd Great Migration
The African Americans were most affected by this move. More than five million African Americans moved to cities in states in the North, Midwest and West, including many to California, where Los Angeles, Oakland, and Long Beach offered many skilled jobs in the defense industry. African Americans were still treated with discrimination in many parts of the country, and many sought to escape this -
Lester Maddox// Gov. of Georgia
Maddox said that he would close his restaurant rather than serve African Americans. An initial group of black demonstrators came to the restaurant but did not enter when Maddox informed them that he had a large number of black employees. In April 1964, more African Americans attempted to enter the restaurant. Maddox confronted the group with a bare ax handle -
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Civil Rights Movement
Executive Order 8802 was signed by Franklin D. roosevelt. It was to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the U.S . and the assasination of MLK was when he was 39 by Jam earl ray. -
Congress of racial equility
founding members were James L. Farmer, Jr., George Houser, James R. Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. began protests against segregation in public accommodations by organizing sit-ins -
G.I Bill
G.I bill benifets were low-cost morgages. low-interst loans to start and business, cash payment for tutions etc. all for returning veterans. the G.I bill was created to assist veterans as well as peacetime. -
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Arms race
competition between two or more parties to have the best armed forces. Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, etc. between soviets and u.s .
Aanuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions. France.Germany & soviet union, and u.s were the super powers -
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Baby Boom
78.3 million Americans who were born during this demographic boom in births. end of ww2. Economy starts to estimulate. a lot of medical cost around today. -
Mendez vs. westminster
was a 1946 federal court case that challenged racial segregation in Orange County, California schools. 5 mexican-American challenged the practice of school segregation in the U.S. District Court in Los Angeles held that the segregation of Mexican and Mexican American students into separate "Mexican schools" was unconstitutional. -
Truman Doctrine
stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Harry Truman (president) -
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Cold War
started with Truman Doctrine and ended with Fall of Berlin Wall -
22nd Amendment
sets a term limit for election to the office of President of the United States. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. -
Delgado vs Bastrop
the public education system in Texas for Mexican Americans offered segregated campuses with often minimal facilities and a curriculum frequently limited to vocational training -
Delgado vs Bastrop ISD
(LULAC) filed suit in a Texas district court on behalf of the parents of Mexican American children attending public school in Del Rio, Texas. The school district sold a municipal bond to allow the district to add some rooms and an auditorium to an elementary school attended only by Mexican American children in grades one through three -
1948 desegregation of the U.S military
It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services. obligating military commanders to employ their financial resources against facilities used by soldiers or their families that discriminated based upon sex or race. -
Marshall Plan
united states gave economic support to help rebuild European economies after the end of World War 2 in order to prevent the spread of Soviet Communism. -
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Berlin Aircraft
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin -
NATO
the original member were the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. they formed a alliance to protect eachother from the soviets and stop them. NATO stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization -
Sweatt vs Painter
applied for admission to the University of Texas Law School. State law restricted access to the university to whites, and Sweatt's application was automatically rejected because of his race. In a unanimous decision, the Court held that the Equal Protection Clause required that Sweatt be admitted to the university. -
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Korean War
war between the South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, at one time supported by China and the Soviet Union(trying to spread communism). this results in the division of korea -
creation of Polio Vaccine
Polio Vaccine was first tested in 1952. reduced the incidence from a estimated 350 thousand cases in 1988 to 223 cases in 2012. -
Joseph Mcarthy
they thought he was a witch hunt. -
Brown vs Board of Education
ruled segregation and letting anyone attend a school not based on their race. -
Hernandez vs Texas
Pete Hernandez was indicted for the murder of Joe Espinoza by an white grand jury in Jackson County, Texas. Hernandez tried to quash the petit jury panel called for service, because persons of Mexican descent were excluded from jury service in this case. In a unanimous opinion delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment protects those beyond the two classes of white or Negro, and extends to other racial groups -
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Vietnam War
determined the future form of government of the State of Vietnam, The fall of the city was preceded by the evacuation of almost all the American civilian and military personnel in Saigon, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese civilians associated with the southern regime. -
Montgomery bus boycott Rosa parks
a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person. led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional -
Southern Christian Leadership- MLK, Jr.
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC was closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Their goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South -
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Space Race
that begins with the fisrt launch of a space vehicle(Sputnik), and ends with the Apollo-Soyuz tes project. the soviets were the first to beat us on putting a satilite in space. so the US is the first to put a man on the moon on (Neil Armsrong). .NDEA(National defense education Act) -
Sputnik launch
The Soviet Union launched Sputnik. it traveled 29,000 km per hr. taking 96.2 sec to complete each orbit. It was significant to the U.s because the surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis, began the Space Age and triggered the Space Race, a part of the larger Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments -
Orval Faubus// gov. of Arkansas
he used the National Guard to stop African Americans from attending Little Rock Central High School as part of federally ordered racial desegregation. Faubus' decision led to a showdown with President Dwight D. Eisenhower and former Governor Sid McMath -
civil rights act of 1957
primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress in the United States since Reconstruction following the American Civil War. therefore there was violent acts happening in states such as Arkansas when 9 children had to be assisted in school by trooops because threats were sent like blowing up the school. bombing etc. -
creation of NASA
NASA's birth was directly related to the pressures of national defense. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union were engaged in the Cold War, a broad contest over the ideologies and allegiances of the nonaligned nations. During this period, space exploration emerged as a major area of contest and became known as the space race. -
Widespread use of airconditioning
they would start to migrate toawards the south because of air conditioning. -
SNCC
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). It emerged from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker. Baker encouraged those who formed SNCC to look beyond integration to broader social change and to view King's principle of nonviolence more as a political tactic than as a way of life -
23rd amendment
permits citizens in the District of Columbia to vote for Electors for President and Vice President. A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State -
Presidential term of John F. Kennedy
In his inaugural address he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country." -
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New Frontiers
The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of John F. Kennedy as President and Lyndon B. Johnson as Vice President. Kennedy was sworn in by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren, and Johnson was sworn in by Sam Rayburn, the Speaker of the House of The Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon. The event marked the end of the Vietnam War and the start of a transition period leading to the formal reunification of Vietnam into a Socialist Republic governed by the Communist Party. -
Berlin wall
the physical division between West Berlin and East Germany(controlled by the soviets) from 1961 and the symbolic boundary between democracy and Communism during the Cold War. to prevent the people on the east to leave for freedom -
Kennedys issuing of Executive Order 10925
signed by President John F. Kennedy required government contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed and that employees are treated during employment without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." established the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity. Following passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
George Wallace// segregation quote
"In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" -
Friendship 7
was the successful first attempt by NASA to place an astronaut into orbit. It made 3 orbits of the earth. We were ahead and gave us the ability to serpace the soviets. -
establishment of the first store be entrepreneur Sam Walton
Sam Walton established Wal-mart & Sams club. He launched a determined effort to market American-made products. Included in the effort was a willingness to find American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire Wal-Mart chain at a price low enough to meet the foreign competition -
24th Amendment
prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax -
JFK's "moon" speech
His speech was signficant because it moved the country foward because it put more money on science and math for people to go to space. -
Cuban Missile Crisis
crisis is generally regarded as the moment in which the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict. tension finally began to ease when Krushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and return the missiles to the Soviet Union, expressing his trust that the United States would not invade Cuba. M.D ( Muatlley assured distruction) -
Letter to Birmingham jail
he used a document from the bible andthe used verse from Isiah 42: 1-4 wich states he will be strong along with everyone fighting for equal rights. -
"I have a dream speech"
the Declartion of independence inspired MLK to write his " I have dream" speech because that document states "All men are created equally and with inalianable right and the pursuit of happiness" -
assassination of John F. kennedy
Jfk was assassinated at Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas.President Kennedywas fatally shot by a sniper next with his wife, Jacqueline, and Governor of Texas John Connally in the presidential limousine, minutes before the President's assassination.concluded that Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, acting alone, and that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald before he could stand trial. -
OAAU
organization founded by Malcolm X. The purpose of the OAAU was to fight for the human rights of African Americans and promote cooperation among Africans and people of African descent in the Americas. The OAAU pushed for black control of every aspect of the black community -
civil rights act of 1964
outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and women.It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public. -
Voting Rights act of 1965
prohibits discriminstion in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson during the height of the American Civil Rights Movement, and Congress later amended the Act five times to expand its protections so therefore it really didnt matter if peopple disliked this act. -
Head start Education
is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and their families. The program's services and resources are designed to foster stable family relationships, enhance children's physical and emotional well-being, and establish an environment to develop strong cognitive skills. -
Affirmative action
refers to policies that take factors including "race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.i nto consideration in order to benefit an underrepresented group "in areas of employment, education, and business -
assassination of Malcolm X
assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights. some people such as Elijah Muhammed said he got what he preached meaning he wanted to die from wht he was saying in his speech. -
United Farm Workers Ass. (UFWA)
This group was originally a workers' rights organization that helped workers get unemployment insurance but rapidly became a union of farmworkers -
Black Panther
the Black panther party (BPP) founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale .Anti-Racist organization that fought with armed force racist police and racist citizens -
National Organization for Women
this was lead by Betty Friedean. The purpose was to allow womaen to get paid as much as men for the same job and allowing more woman doing a job the deisred such as doctor, lawyer, etc. no sex discrimination. -
appt. of Thurgood Marshall to the Supreme Court
On June 13, 1967, President Johnson nominated Marshall to the Supreme Court following the retirement of Justice Tom C. Clark, saying that this was "the right thing to do, the right time to do it, the right man and the right place." Marshall was confirmed as an Associate -
assassination of MLK Jr.
He was assassinated at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39. James Earl Ray a fugitive was arrested in Londom for the assassination of MLK . The King family and others believe that the assassination was carried out by a conspiracy involving the US government, as alleged by Loyd Jowers in 1993, and that James Earl Ray was a scapegoat -
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Drama,Debt, and the Digital Age
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Apollo 11
was the first spaceflight that landed the first humans on the moon.Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by the late US President John F. Kennedy in a speech before the United States Congress, "before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth." -
La Raza Unida
was a american politcial party formed by la raza to have all the mexicans form together and take control of certain things. they wanted more power for mexicans -
Environmental Protection Agency
was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress -
Gold Standard (Nixon Shock)
The Gold Standard was when dollars was converted to gold. They would cash in their dollars for gold. The problem with that was the value went down and the prices of things went up. -
Title IX (9)
No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance... -
Nixon went to china
Nixons trip to china was historical because it marked the first time a U.S president vistied the peoples rebublic of china. at the time it was the U.S's foes. this visit ended 25 years of seperation of two sides. His intentions were not to trade with them or get things from them but thats what ended up happening because we were getting along. -
Wisconsin vs Yoder
U.S found that a amish child can not be placed compulsory education past the 8th grade. The court allowed the boy not to go to school after because the amish dont need the school education because their way of life is not needed and there community is very good. -
Equal rights Amendment
It was introduced in 1972 and it its deadline was 1982. designed to guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. The ERA failed to receive the requisite number of ratifications (38) before the final deadline mandated by Congress of June 30, 1982, and so it was not adopted. Feminist organizations have -
watergate Scandal
was a major politcial scandal that occured in the U.S break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., and the Nixon administration's attempted cover-up of its involvement. -
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Presidential term of Gerald Ford
He was the first person appointed to the Vice Presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment, after Spiro Agnew resigned. This affects his leadership abbility because the people didnt really vote for him therefore making it more difficult for him. -
Beginning of Microsodt by Bill Gates
started: started in 1975.
grew:
Effects on Digital world: it helped with cell phone production and other electronics -
Apollo-soyuz Project
marked the end of the space race. First time the Soviets and the U.S sitting together joining forces to common interest. -
Torrijos-Carter Treaty
two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999. -
Camp David Accords
this followed thirteen days of secret negotiations at Camp David. President Jimmy Carter signing as a witness. Under the pact, which was denounced by other Arab states, Israel agreed to return the Sinai to Egypt, a transfer that was completed in 1982. In a joint letter the two nations also agreed to negotiate Palestinian autonomy measures in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, the following years a common belief emerged in Israel that the peace with Egypt is a "cold peace". -
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Conservative Resurgence
a christian group trying to get the poltics of ronald reagan to win because he also viewed that abortion is wrong and if he got voted it would reflect on the christian value -
Iran Hostage Crisis
Fifty-two Americans were held hostage for 444 days . after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy. In Iran, the hostage taking was widely seen as a blow against the United States and its influence in Iran, its perceived attempts to undermine the Iranian Revolution, and its longstanding support of the recently overthrown Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. -
est. of BET by Robert Johnson
It is the most prominent television network targeting African American audiences, and currently reaches more than 90 million households. Initially broadcasting on Nickelodeon (it would not be until 1983 that BET became a full-fledged channel), the network's lineup consisted of music videos and reruns of popular black sitcoms. -
just say no
war on drugs and anti-drug to stop illigate drug use. -
original observation of AIDS
it originated in Africa from the africans eating the monkeys who had AIDS in there blood stream/ later, a african immigrant came to america passing it on to ppl. it was highly affects from drug users and homosexuals. now a days it isn;t. peircings and tatoos.