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Puritans encouraged education because they wanted common people to be literate and educated to foster cultural and religious growth. The General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony decided that towns with 50 families should have an elementary school and those with 100 families should have a Latin school. The focus of these schools was to ensure Puritan students could read the bible and learn about their religion. This allowed common people the ability to read and educate themselves.
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Thomas Jefferson establishes a school system with two tracks: one for the labor class and one for the "learned". Underprivileged students also had access to scholarships. Although Jefferson had a poor opinion of the labor class, he still gave them better opportunities and education.
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Pennsylvania provides free public education only to poor students, while rich families are still expected to pay tuition. This paved the way for poor children to read and write, socialize, and learn skills so that they could elevate themselves in society, get jobs, and live better lives than their parents.
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N.Y.P.B.S.S. was established to educate poor students. They used the Lancasterian model, where one teacher taught hundreds of students in one classroom. Instead of having specialized plans for students, the older students taught the younger ones. The main focus was on factory values and worker standards, which emphasized obedience. This affected students negatively because they were taught randomly and often treated cruelly to serve the establishment, rather than their own interests.
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Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act, which mandated segregated railway cars. The Committee of Citizens, a group of black citizens from New Orleans, asked Homer Plessy to sit in a whites-only car. Plessy was considered to be black by law, despite being 7/8 Caucasian. Plessy was arrested after refusing to leave the car. At Plessy's trial, the judge convicted him and did not find that the law violated the 13th or 14th amendment. This negatively affected POC and enabled segregation for years.
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This case was about the segregation of schools based on race and was a collection of cases in Kansas, South C., Virginia, Delaware, and D.C.. Every case involved a black student who was denied admittance to schools because of their race. The argument was that segregation violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. The case was lost , claiming that segregation was legal as long as both facilities were equal in quality. This negatively impacted students and enabled segregation.
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Dollree Map was subjected to an illegal police search for a fugitive. She was then convicted for having "obscene materials" in her home. She argued her case for freedom of expression. The judge decided that regardless of freedom of expression rights, any and all materials procured during an illegal search and seizure were inadmissible in court, and not valid for a conviction. This affected people everywhere, not just students, in a positive way. This protects people's privacy. and free speech.
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Title IX came after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 because it did not prohibit sex discrimination against teachers. Feminists rallied against sex discrimination. A congressman suggested that sports departments be excluded from the act and was denied It was amended to include sexual harassment as sex discrimination and highlighted education's role in reducing rape culture. This protected generations of students from sexual assault and rape culture.
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Nine students were given 10-day suspensions without receiving fair hearings beforehand because the law did not require schools to do so. The principals of the schools were challenged and a federal court decided that the student's rights had been violated, making it eligible to be taken to the Supreme Court. The students were affected positively by this ruling because their right to education was taken away without a reason. Therefore, students will not suffer unfair suspensions.
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The Education of all Handicapped Children Act ensured that all educational institutions provided with federal funds had to provide equal access to education for students with both mental and physical disabilities. Schools were required to create education plans, allow parents input and complaints, and allow parents to have judiciary review of their disputes. They also ensure that children with disabilities are in an environment where they can interact with their peers.
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A revision of Texas Education Laws allowed the state to pull funding from local school districts for educating children of undocumented people. The court decided that though undocumented immigrants were not citizens of Texas, that they were still people, and that denying them a right to education was unconstitutional and had no real benefit.
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Christopher Simmons was sentenced to death when he was 17. The Missouri Supreme Court stayed his execution while a case about the execution of the mentally disabled was decided. After it was found to be cruel and unusual punishment, Simmons's case was reconsidered, and it was found that public opinion now found the execution of minors to be cruel and inhumane. This affected minors everywhere and ensures that people under the age of 18 are given second chances and allowed to live.
