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As a pharmacist, Bernard became a dominant figure in physiology and medicine in France. Among his work, Bernard discovered that the liver stored glycogen and secreted a sugary substance into the blood. Bernard assumed this substance was the cause of Diabetes. During this time period, the nervous system was believed to be the controlling factor over secretary organs. This thinking led Bernard to discovering that pricking the brain stem in a conscious animal caused temporary diabetes.
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Von Mering disproves Bernard's theory that the liver caused Diabetes when he removed the pancreas and caused diabetes.
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Canadian Frederick Banting consults John Macleod, who studied glucose metabolism and diabetes, prepare to test Banting's theory of how to find the cause and treatment for Diabetes
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Banting and his assistant Charlie Best began their experiments using 10 dogs.
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Banting uses the material from the islets of Langerhans to give to diabetic dogs, and saw their high blood sugar lowered.
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Banting and Best try their extracted insulin on a dying 14 year old diabetic, but it fails.
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Collip's purified insulin works and sees his high blood sugar lower; sugar and all signs of the disease removed from his urine.
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Banting and Best publish their findings regarding insulin's effects on diabetics.
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J.J. Abel crystallizes insulin.
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Protamine Zinc Insulin is introduced as a better treatment for Diabetes than the traditional insulin injections as it lasted longer.
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Lente Insulins are introduced as another, more effective insulin treatment.
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Frederick Sanger identified Insulin's composition. He determined Insulin was made of two chains of 51 amino acids linked by disulphide bridges, and was then awarded the Nobel Prize for his research.