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Civil Rights Act of 1866
Civil Rights Act of 1866
It guaranteed all citizens the right to equal protection by law.
Citation: (14 Stat. 27)
Source of Law: Statutory Law -
14th Amendment 1868
14th Amendment 1868
The 14th Amendment provided the Equal Protection Clause which states that no state shall “deny to any person within it’s jurisdiction the equal protection of laws.” The 14th Amendment provided citizenship to African Americans.
Citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XIV)
Source of Law: Constitutional Law -
15th Amendment 1870
15th Amendment 1870
The 15th Amendment guaranteed all citizens the right to vote, regardless of race. Being granted the right to vote was a turning point in history for African-Americans, which would later lead to other rights such as the right to an equal education.
Citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XV)
Source of Law: Constitutional Law -
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Civil Rights Act of 1875
It was designed “to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights.” This was meant to protect all citizens regardless of race. This would allow equality in public places but the law wasn’t enforced effectively.
Citation: 18 Stat. 335
Source of Law: Statutory Law -
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
According to (Library of Congress, A Century of Racial Segregation, para. 1), the result of this case “held that separate but equal facilities did not violate the U.S. Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment.” This “separate but equal” doctrine applied to public schools as well.
Citation: 163 US 537 (1896)
Source of Law: Judicial Law -
Mendez v. Westminster 1947
Mendez v. Westminster 1947
This was the first case to declare that school segregation was in violation of the 14th amendment and was, therefore, unconstitutional.
Citation: 161 F.2d 774 (9th Cir. 1947)
Source of Law: Judicial Law -
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954
According to (History.com Editors, 2009, Brown v. Board of Education, para. 1), “Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional.”
Citation: 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
Source of Law: Judicial Law -
Vivian Calhoun v. Ed S. Cook No. 6298 1958
Vivian Calhoun v. Ed S. Cook No. 6298
The case was initiated in 1958, which involved desegregation of schools, in an attempt for the Atlanta Public School District to obtain Unitary Status. Unitary Status was obtained in 1972.
Citation: 451 F.2d 583
Source of Law: Judicial Law -
Desegregation of Atlanta Public Schools 1961
According to (Georgia Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 2007, p. 9), “The integration of the University of Georgia in early 1961 led the Georgia General Assembly to strike down its school segregation amendment and laid the foundation for desegregation efforts in the Atlanta Public Schools.8 In the fall of 1961, nine African American students transferred to previously all-white schools.” -
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
According to (History.com Editors, 2010, The Civil Rights Act of 1964, para. 1), “The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.”
Citation: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964)
Source of Law: Statutory Law -
Freeman v. Pitts 1992
Freeman v. Pitts, 503 US 467 (1992)
According to (Georgia Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights, 2007, p. 11), “The Court concluded that once a school system ended de jure segregation, neither the courts nor the school districts were required to remedy the de facto segregation resulting from demographic shifts.”
Source of Law: Judicial Law -
Current Law for Educators in Georgia
Current Law for Educators in Georgia
Title VI
Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, or national origin
Citations: 42 U.S. Code § 2000d, 34 CFR 100
Source of Law: Statutory and Administrative -
References
Georgia Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights. (2007). Desegregation of Public School Districts in Georgia: 35 Public School Districts Have Unitary Status 74 Districts Remain Under Court Jurisdiction. Retrieved from https://www2.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12se62.pdf History.com Editors. (2010). Civil rights act of 1964. Retrieved 6/29/2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act -
References
History.com Editors. (2009). Brown v. Board of Education. Retrieved 6/29/2019, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka Library Of Congress. Brown v. Board at Fifty: “With an Even Hand”. Retrieved 6/29/2019, from https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html
