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40,000 BCE
Bering Land Bridge
The Bering Land Bridge was a piece of land that connected Eurasia to North America that was created in the Ice Age. This allowed natives to migrate to North America to settle and populate the Americas. Without the Bering Land Bridge, North America would not have been inhabited until later on when explorers came. -
Period: 2500 BCE to
Beginning of Exploration
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450
The Fall of the Roman Empire
The Roman Empire fell because of many internal and external factors. The internal causes of the fall were financial issues, over-reliance on slave labor, and corruption in their government. For external factors, there was always attacks and invasions from outside forces, such as the Hun and Barbarians. -
1000
The Dark Ages
The Dark ages, also known as the early Middle Ages, was a very backward period in history. There was conflict within the population between faith and enlightenment. For those who followed faith, there was also conflict within the state of the church, because many believed that the Catholic Church was corrupted, which led many to resent the Church. -
1340
The Black Death
The Black Death was a famous epidemic that took place in Europe and killed almost 25 million people. Fleas and rats that carried the disease caused this outbreak. This epidemic caused many short-term and long-term effects; such as a change in the economy and social structure, questions in faith and religion. Since one-third of the population died, labor was in high demand, which then allowed the lower class citizens to demand higher pay since labor was scarce. -
1450
Mesoamerica- Aztecs
The Aztecs lived in a valley is present-day Mexico and their capital was Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs the largest population in Mesoamerica. They had a very materialistic culture and practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale. The caste system was also a part of their culture; there were Kings, Nobles, Artisans, Farmers, and Slaves. The Aztecs also had irrigation systems, similar to the Mayans. -
1492
Exploration of Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus, a Spanish explorer, went on his first expedition across the Atlantic in 1841, he was searching for a faster route to Asia from Europe. However, when he reached land, he did not reach Asia, but instead he "discovered" the New World, which was already inhabited by Natives. His goal for his expedition was to find gold and spices. After his first expedition, he made 3 more, bringing back colonists to the New World and gold and spices back to Europe. -
1492
Colombian Exchange
The Colombian Exchange is the transformation of cultures and goods from the New World to the Old World. Many animals and plants were brought to and from the New World. However, one of the most important things that were brought to the New World by the Colombian Exchange is diseases. The diseases brought by the europeans wiped out many of the Native tribes in the Americas. -
1492
Caribbean Colonies
The Caribbean islands were colonized by Christopher Columbus. The Caribbean colonies played a significant role in the economy. They were a part of the Atlantic triangular trade, relying on slave labor for the production of sugar. This was the earliest example of plantations for the future of the colonies. In the Caribbean colonies, it was difficult to have a stable society since whites were the minorities and living conditions were harsh. -
Period: 1492 to
English Colonial Societies
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Jun 7, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement made between the Spanish and the Portuguese over how the new land that was "discovered" would be claimed. Initially, the land would be disputed by an imaginary line in the Atlantic ocean, any land west of this line would be for the Spanish, and land to the east would be for the Portuguese. However, the Portuguese did not agree with this, so then Spanish and Portuguese met in Tordesillas and created the treaty that moved the line further west. -
Roanoke Colonization
A group of settlers came to present-day North Carolina with John White. After they settled, John White sailed back to England to gather more supplies for the colony. However, John white took longer than expected because of the conflict between England and Spain. So once John White returned, all of the settlers were nowhere to be found. The only sign of them that was left was the word "Croatoan" carved into wood. -
Triangular Trade
The Triangular Trade was also known as the transatlantic slave trade. This was an economic system that Britain used to on the colonies for profits. Cotton, tobacco, and slaves were traded on this route. Slaves went through what was known as the Middle Passage, which had horrible conditions where many died. This Triangular Trade route passed through West Africa, Europe, and the Colonies. -
Popham Colony (Maine)
Maine, which is in the Massatuchetes Bay area, was one of the 13 orginal colonies. The first colonists to settle in Maine were French and English. For their economy, logging, fishing, and shipbuilding was their specialty. Their first governor was William King. However, their colony lasted less than a year. -
English Colonization
The first "successful" English colony that was settled in America was in Jamestown. English people came to Jamestown hoping it would be a short trip, looking for wealth. However, the colonists were wrong and ended up staying longer, unprepared. The environment of Jamestown was not suitable for substance crops, causing much of the population to ie of starvation. Colonist also dies from diseases such as yellow fever and malaria, this was spread bymosquitoes, since the land was very swampy. -
Plymouth Colonies
In England, Puritans faced a lot of religious prosecution. so to escape this prosecution, a group of them left to the New World to practice their religion freely. When coming to the New World, the Puritans were hoping to settle on Plymouth Rock but ended up in Plymouth Bay. Before landing, all the colonists on the Mayflower signed a written document of laws for the new colony, this was called the Mayflower compact. Their first governor of the colony was William Bradshaw. -
John Locke
John Locke, an Enlightenment thinker, was an English philosopher. He believed that all people were born the same and had inalienable rights: life, liberty, and property. He also believed that the government had two main jobs, to create and enforce laws, and then if one person or too small of a group was in charge of both, the government would be corrupt, this is was separation of powers. -
Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were passed by the English to regulate the trade between the colonies and England. These Acts stated that colonies could only trade with England. England benefited from this more than the colonies because the colonies were limited on their market, it slowed down their industrial process, and resulted in fewer jobs in the colonies. -
The Carolinas
When the Carolinas were founded, it was meant to act as a "buffer state" between the English colonies and the Spanish. Proprietors owned this land and worked on small tobacco farms. Their first capital was in Charles Town. The colonists also grew indigo and rice. Rice was very important, known as Carolina's Gold. Slaves were also a big part of the work force. -
Bacon's Rebellion
In Virginia during this time, slavery was not a significant role in the labor force, so England had indentured servants work in the colonies to pay off their debts. After the indentured servants pay off their debt, they were freed and moved westward. Nathanial Bacon was one of these indentured servants, and like the rest, they conflicted with the Natives and asked the HoB for help, but the HoB refused. In result, Bacon burned down parts of Jamestown with his followers. -
North-American Native Societies: Pueblos
The Pueblos lived in Southwest North America in the Rio Grande Valley. They lived in apartment-like housing, called adobes. A significant role in their culture was the cultivating of maize, this was a major crop. For their crops, they created an irrigation system. The Pueblos were the first encountered by the Spanish. This led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, which was the revolution against Spanish culture being imposed on the Natives. -
Pennsylvania Colony
The Pennsylvania colony was a charter colony given to William Penn as a payment for a debt. William Penn and the people known as the Quakers started a settlement seeking religious freedom. Their colony was based on tolerance and good nature, believing that as long as the people are good-natured, the government will not be bad. The Quakers were also a hard-working population, many people were shipbuilders, lumberjacks, tradesmen, farmers, and merchants. -
Salem Witch Trials
In Salem, Massatuchetes, the witch trials all began with two young girls who began acting strange, and a doctor declared that they were witches. Soon, other women started acting strangely, and to come to a conclusion of what was going on, a court case was held in attempt to find people guilty of witchcraft. If women were accused of witchcraft, they would be violently tested, such as being drowned. Many people made false, biased accusations of witchcraft. -
Chesapeake Colonies
The Chesapeake Colonies were in Maryland and Virginia. Their economy was predominantly agricultural based and grew tobacco as a cash crop. The colonies were dependent on indentured servants and labor until Bacon's Rebellion, then slaves took over. In the Chesapeake colonies, wealthy white men dominated politics. Chesapeake was also a sanction for religious freedom for the Christians. -
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was an enlightenment thinker. He helped write the Declaration of Independence, believed in inalienable rights, convinced the French to help the colonies against Great Britain. Franklin was also a scientist who famously discovered electricity. -
Act of Union
The Act of Union was to unite both England and Scotland. Both countries were in a position to where they would benefit from uniting, such as Scotland having economical security from England, and England benefiting by using Scotland as a backdoor to France. This led to what we know today as Great Britain. -
The French and Indian War
The French and Indian war was a conflict between Britain and France to decide who would have power and control over North America. Both superpowers wanted to extend West of North America, which was the leading cause of the French and Indian War. Britain wanted to join the trade with the Native, however, the French built forts to protect their trade with the Indians. -
Fort William Henry
During the Seven-Years War, the turning point was the battle of Fort William Henry. Fort William Henry was a property located in Lake George that was owned by Great Britain. The French captured the Fort. General Louis-Joseph Montcalm was in charge of the attack against Britain at Fort William Henry, forcing Monroe to surrender. The siege of the Fort took 6 days for the French to get the British to surrender. There were many British fatalities at the siege. -
Treaty of Paris 1763
In result of the Seven-Years War, the French lost, and the treaty that was signed that officially ended the war was the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Britain was left dominant over the Americas, they gained the majority of the territory and also gave land to the Spanish for their alliance with them. The Treaty was signed in Paris declaring that the war was over. Britain, France, Portugal, and Spain all signed this treaty. -
Period: to
Colonial America
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Period: to
Revolutionary War
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The Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was the first tax that the Parliament imposed on the colonies in the Americas to help pay for the war debt from the French and Indian War. The Stamp Act taxed all paper sold to and in the colonies. This was the beginning of no taxation without representation. After the colonists rebelled against this tax being imposed, the parliament repealed the act in 1766. However, this will continue between Britain and the colonies with future taxes to pay off debts from the war. -
The Great Awakening
The Great Awakening in the Americas was a religious revival and upheaval. Many saw it as an eye-opener to religion or more enthusiasm to God. This was not the introduction to religion in the Americas, the majority of the population already knew about the word of God and Christianity. However, this was just a period of time when people were more enthusiastic about their beliefs. -
The Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was a conflict between angry colonists and British soldiers. At first, it was the colonists continuously harassing the soldiers, throwing things at them, then the British soldiers opening fire into the crowd of colonists. This resulted in the death of 5 colonists being shot dead which thus resulted in Paul Revere's propaganda of the "Boston Massacre," an effort to unite the colonies to fight against their overseas ruler, Great Britain. -
The Boston Tea Party
After the Parliament imposed the taxes on the colonists without their representation, the colonists were outraged. The Parliment imposed taxes on teas, one of the most significant imports for the colonies. This resulted in the group of colonists known as the Sons of Liberty dressing up as Native Americans and dumping the imported teas into the Boston Harbor. Britain reacted by shutting down the Boston Harbor until the colonists took account for the teas. -
Paul Revere's Midnight Ride
When the British troops were coming to Lexington to arrest the colonists, Paul Revere race before them into Lexington to warn the American militia of the information he received from the Sons of Liberty. Revere was able to warn the Patriot's leaders, but unfortunately, never made it to Concord, because he was arrested by the British soldiers and thrown into jail. However, his mission was completed by Samuel Prescott who was able to get the word out to the militias in Concord. -
Battle of Lexington
.The Battle of Lexington was the first battle of the American Revolutionary War. No one knows who took the first shot, but it was known as the "Shot Heard Around the World." This battle resulted in 8 militiamen and 9 injured from the American side and only one injury of a redcoat from Great Britain's side. However, the American's did win this battle, because of the Redcoats retreating to Boston, both sides acknowledging that the war for independence has begun. -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was a document, written by the founding father, declaring America's independence from Great Britain. This document consisted of grievances with King George and how the colonies don't want to be controlled overseas. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and two of the other founding fathers wrote the Declaration of Independence. The Continental Congress voted for independence on July 2, 1776. On July 2, 1776 the draft was completed and revised. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was written as an outline of the national government, this was the original constitution of the United States. It focused on having a weak federal government to protect and give more rights to the states. Having a weak federal government meant that they could not enforce laws onto the states, tax the states. However, this was a weak outline and was replaced by the U.S. Constitution. -
Three Branches
Our government is separated into 3 branches, this is the separation of powers. There is the legislative. judicial, and an executive branch. These three branches were developed at the Constitutional Convention. These branches were inspired by enlightenment ideas, and had a checks and balances system. These checks and balance made sure that no one branch had too much power, and the separation of powers made sure no one branch had too many dutie to uphold. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
in 1783, the Treaty of Paris was the official document that ended the American Revolutionary War. This document was signed by King George III and United States' representatives. This treaty gave America their independence from Great Britain, making them their own country. This was the end of the colonial empire of Britain in the Americas. The treaty also stated what the United States boundaries were and led Great Britain to recognize that the U.S. was independent.. -
Shay's Rebellion
After the war, many people lost money and gotten into deep debt. The farmers were at risk of being imprisoned for their debt, so in the result of this, the farmers under Daniel Shay started Shay's Rebellion. Shay's Rebellion led violent attacks on government properties and courthouses. Shay's Rebellion also exposed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, ultimately because of the weak federal government. This was a key role into the writing of the U.S. Constitution. -
Period: to
The Constitution
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Constitutional Convention
After acknowledging the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the Constitutional Convention was held in Philidelphia to discuss a new outline for the nation; what the nation needed from the government. A critical discussion that was held during the convention was the reinvention of the legislative branch and federal government. At the convention, the Articles of Confederation was revised and it was also the beginning og the writing process of the U.S. Constitution. -
Virginia Plan
In favor of having a strong central government, the Virginia Plan was proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention. This plan was set to make the federal government stronger since the Articles of Confederation opposed this and was weak. The three branches of government, the legislative, judicial, and executive branch, were all listed in favor of the Virginia Plan. After many revisions, the plan was enforced, but the smaller states opposed this plan, while larger states supported it -
New Jersey Plan
Another plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention was the New Jersey Plan by William Patterson. This plan was more for the benefit of smaller states because they did not want the larger states to have more of the power. With this plan, Patterson proposed that each state have only one house of representatives so that there would be equal representation. The New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan balanced each other out well, all that was needed was one vote from congress. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance is a law that was passed under the Articles of Confederation. This law established a federal government in the Northwest Territory needed for admitting new states into the Union. These new states would be guaranteed to be equal to that of the original 13 colonies. This allowed the settlers to purchase land titles in the unsettle west, however, this was later repealed. -
The Election of 1788
The first presidential election in the United States was held in 1788. John Adams and George Washington were the candidates. George Washington beat John Adams by winning the Electoral College votes unanimously. This made George Washington the first president of the United States and was well known as a war hero in the Revolutionary War. George served two terms with John Adams as vice president. -
Period: to
New Republic
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Whiskey Rebellion
The Whiskey Rebellion was a result of the government putting taxes on whiskey that as imposed by Hamilton. This took place in Philidelphia, farmers would start riots and even killed federal officers to protest these taxes. This proved that the new Constitution was much more powerful, and could handle any situation or conflict. Washington was able to stop this rebellion because the farmer respected Washington more than Hamilton. -
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments that were written by James Madison. These first ten amendments were imposed to ensure that the rights of the citizens and states would not be overpowered by the Federal government. The Bill of Rights is significant in history and to the present day, because it gives us the rights and freedoms we're all familiar with now. Anti-Federalists were in favor of the Bill of Rights being added to the Constitution, however, federalists opposed this. -
Cotton Gin
One of the most influential machines created during the late 18th century was the cotton gin by Eli Whitney. This machine was used to separate the seeds from the cotton more efficiently rather than by hand. This caused a boom in the cotton industry in the South, massive amounts of cotton were being produced. However, this negatively impacted slavery, because since this machine took out the seeds quicker, there needed to be more raw cotton grown, which resultd in my slave labor. -
Washington's Farewell Address
After Washington served his two terms as the first president of the United States, he did not run again for reelection. So after his presidency, he wrote his famous farewell address for the country. His intentions for the farewell address was to speak on what the future of the country and government could behold. One of the ideas mentioned were to avoid permanent alliances with other countries. He also stated why he did not run for a third term. -
Election of 1796
The Election of 1796 in the United States was the first election to vote for President and Vice President. from different parties. John Adams, a Federalists candidate, won this presidential election with a total of 71 electoral votes. Thomas Pickney, another Federalist candidate, was runner-up for that party. For the Anti-Federalists party, the candidate was Thomas Jefferson, and he won with more votes than Pickney, therefore, making him Vice President. -
XYZ Affair
When there was a confrontation between the United States and the Republic of France, President Adams sent a three-member delegation to the city of Paris, to bring peace between the United States and France. This was known as the XYZ Affair. However, the minister of France did not want to meet the US delegate unless they bribed them along with additional conditions. Pickney responded by not agreeing to the terms and resulted in the undeclared Quasi-War between the United States and France. -
Period: to
The Age of Jefferson
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Period: to
American Industrial Revolution
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Second Great Awakening
The Second Great Awakening occurred in the early 19th century, it influenced and establish reform movements. This was a series of religious revivals that influenced and impacted the United States. This movement was led by preachers who spread their religious teachings throughout the country. This influenced thousands of Americans resulting in many of them joining the Baptist and Methodist churches. One of the most important prechers during this period was Charles Grandison Finney. -
Period: to
Cultural Changes
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Maubury vs. Madison
The Marbury vs. Madison case was a critical Supreme Court case in Us history. This case is what established judicial review, which means whether or not a legislative act is constitutional or not. John Marshall did not deliver four of the commissions, including Marbury. This resulted in Jefferson withholding the four commissions, causing Marbury to then sue James Madison. This case proved that the U.S. judicial branch needed to be changed, if not, the judicial branch would be overlooked. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was one of the most significant deals made by the United States and France because when the land was purchased for 15 million dollars, it doubled the size of the United States. This purchase included all land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico up to Canada. Jefferson made this purchase with the French because he desired a nation of farmers to settle in the newly bought territory. -
Hamilton vs. Burr
The Hamilton vs. Burr tensions all started with Burr running for Vice President. Burr was running for another term to be VP while Hamilton, who was Secretary of Treasury at the time, started publicly attacking Burr. These conflicts between the two began to escalate, and Burr ended up losing to becoming governor. This led to the illegal duel between Hamilton and Burr, resulting in Hamilton being shot in his abdomen and dying the next day. -
War of 1812
The United States declared the War of 1812 because of the issues the United States had with Great Britain, including the blockade the British had on France. This was very critical for the United States because this resulted in the US rewriting the country's boundaries. Many of the Federalist believed that the War or 1812 would support France against their struggles with Britain. In the end, the United States won the war. -
Fredrick Douglas
Fredrick Douglas was born in Maryland. He was a very significant figure during the civil rights movement. His goal was to help innovate America. Fredrick Douglas was also an abolitionist, meaning that he wanted slavery to end in America. This was very important to him because he, himself, was a slave as well. Fredrick Douglas was an intellectual who spent his life bringing awareness to the issue of slavery and advocated abolishing slavery. -
McCulloch vs. Maryland
The McCulloch vs. Maryland was a very significant Supreme Court case because Congress used the power of the U.S. Constitution to create a Second Nation Bank. However, the state of Maryland lacked the power to tax the bank. This was caused because Maryland imposed a prohibitive tax on the Second National Bank. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was caused by the war and economic expansion in the United States coming to an end. Throughout the Panic, the banks in the U.S. were failing and going into debt, inflation rose, mortgages were foreclosed, causing people to lose their homes and land. The panic of 1819 was the first time the United States underwent major financial issues. Manufacturing and agriculture began to decrease throughout the country due to the lost value in money. Many blamed the Second Bank's policies. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise was a solution imposed by Congress to solve the Missouri Crisis in 1819. The most critical point of this compromise was to maintain the balance of power in Congress for the free and slave states in the U.S. In 1820, the state of Missouri was admitted into the Union as a slave state, this was followed by the admission of Maine into the Union as a free state. This compromise also imposed the 36 30 line in the Western Territories in the U.S. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement that took place in the United States during the 1820s was an act to reduce the amount of alcohol use. Many reform movements began to emerge along with the temperance movements. A group of women, such as the Women's Christian Temperance, started to bring awareness to the extreme alcoholism within the United States. The American Temperance Society was one of the largest organizations that supported the temperance movement. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine established and distinguished the differences between the New and Old World, as well as their different systems. The foremost ideas from the Monroe Doctrine stated that the United States would not interfere with any European Powers. The Monroe Doctrine was also written to help the United States with protection from the western hemisphere and to inform the countries in the west that they could no longer colonize. -
Period: to
Age of Jackson
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Election of 1824
The Presidential Election held in 1824 was between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Andrew Jackson won the most electoral votes, however, Jackson was not able to win the majority vote, therefore, John Adams became the President. The House of Representatives voting for Adams is what caused him to win the election. Henry Clay, part of the house of representatives, wanted Congress to elect Adams, and Adams made Clay the Secretary of State, causing people to think it was a Corrupt Bargain. -
Whig Party
The Whig Party was a political party in America that were against the Democrats and Andrew Jackson and slavery. This was because the Whigs did not support Andrew Jackson's viewpoints and political stand. The Whig party believed in a strong federal government and supported National Banks. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay were both Whigs and were very influential to their followers. The Whigs were to be believed as the "Second Party System." -
Abolitionist
An abolitionist is someone that wants slavery to be abolished or ended. The abolitionist movement was caused by political reasoning and wanting to end slavery throughout America, ending racial discrimination against African Americans, following with immediate emancipation. Abolitionist did not want slavery to spread westward into the new states. Freed African American was most dominant in this movement against slavery, this ultimately resulted in the Civil War in America. -
Indian Removal Act of 1830
The Indian Removal Act was a law that Andrew Jackson, who was president at the time, to negotiate with the Southern Native Americans to move from their homelands and relocate to reserves so that the American could settle westward into their land. According to the Act, the Natives would move peacefully, howvere that did not go accordingly, because the trail to where they were relocated was fatal, know as theTrail of Tears. -
Trail of Tears
After the Indian Removal Act was passed by Andrew Jackson, the Native Americans were forced to leave their land and relocate to a federal reservation. The route they went was very long and underwent harsh conditions, resulting in may Native American dying on the way there. This was known as the Trail of Tears, it was over 1000 miles long. One of the tribes that were forced to move was the Cherokee nation and thousands died due to starvation, diseasesm and warfare. -
Nat Turner's Rebellion
A slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831 was known as Nat Turner's Rebellion. Nat Turner, the leader of this rebellion, who was a slave, led this violent series of acts killing 50-60 people, most of them being white. The slave owners in America were seeing how powerful their rebellion was and it lasted up to two days. However, the slaves that were a part of this rebellion were captured, while Turner was able to escape for 60 days without being caught. -
Worechester vs. Georgia
Another critical supreme court case in U.S history was the Worechester vs, Georgia case. This case was between Samuel Worchester and Georgia's state laws because Georgia has laws with the Cherokee nation. The laws stated that in Indian territories, it was not prohibited for a non-Native American to live there. Worchester refused to moved from their homes in the Indian territory and were arrested later. -
Election of 1832
In the presidential election of 1832, Henry Clay, a Republican, and Andrew Jackson, a Democrat, were running against each other. Andrew Jackson won this election with over 200 electoral votes while Henry Clay only had 49. Andrew Jackson's candidates bought the charter of the National Banks and how the Bank would "expire," resulting in Jackson renewing the charter for the Bank of the United States. -
New York Women's Reform Society
During the 19th century, Lydia A. Finey established the New York Female Reform Society hoping for better moral values. This allowed the women a part of this society to portray a more significant role in American life. A major issue that the NYWRS wanted to address and bring more awareness to was prostitution. The Women's Reform Society helped transform and improve the lives of many women in America. -
Battle of San Jacinto
The Battle of San Jacinto was the last battle of the Texas Revolutions, where Texas was at war with Mexico to gain their independence. This battle resulted in Texas winning by attacking Santa Anna and his army by surprise. This was a very critical battle of Texas Revolution because much of ther Mexican militia was taken as prisoners. -
Invention of Telegraph
The invention of the telegraph is probably one of the most significant and influential events in history. The telegraph was created by Samuel Morse, and to communicate with the telegraph, you would've had to use Morse's Code. The telegraph allowed more efficient ways of communication from greater distances. Although at the time, this invention really benefited the government and inustruries the most, it soon later would've inspired other inventions. -
Crank Churns
In the mid-1800s, the invention of the crank churn was created by Alfred Clark. This device was used to make butter out of cream. This was important for households in America during the industrial revolution. This allowed butter to be made more conveniently. Most women had or used a crank churn in America because of it's efficiency. -
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Westward Expansion
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Mormons
Mormons were people who were members of the Church of Latter Day Saints and migrated in westward in the United States. The leader of the Mormons was Joesph Smith, then, later on, it was passed onto Brigham Young after Smith was martyred. The Mormon began to migrate west due to religious discrimination. They traveled on the Mormon Trail, which goes from Illinois to Utah, where they eventually settled. -
The Annexation of Texas
After the Texas Revolution and Texas gained their independence from Mexico, they were in debt from the war for almost 10 years. The United States wanted Texas to increase the size of their country, but Texas was still wanted by Mexico, and if Texas was admitted, it would be another slave state added to the Union. -
Mormon Migration
The Mormons, members of the Church of Latter Day Saints, migrated westward in the United States to establish a new settlement for a Church in the Great Basin in Iowa. The leader of the Mormon migration was Bringham Young, and this was due to the religious discrimination the Mormons faced in the mid-1800s. The Mormons left Nauvoo and crossed the Mississippi River during harsh cold climates. -
Bear Flag Revolt
The Bear Flag Revolt is an event that occurred during the time period of the Westward Expansion, this was because of a group of American Settlers expanded westward into the California area against the Mexican government, however, California was claimed as a new republic. Merritt, the leader of the revolt, declared California's independence and claimed it as an independent republic. This was the very beginning of the Mexican-American war, because the settlers did not want to be Mexican citizens. -
Mexican-American War
The Mexican American War was caused by America's desire of westward expansion in North America, an increase in America's economics, and slavery. The Southern States of the Union wanted more pro-slave stated to be admitted to the Union. This caused the war between Mexico and America because of America wanting more territory, and they wanted to admit Texas to the Union, and as well as some of the Northern Land owned by Mexico. This war ended with Mexico giving the US some of their land. -
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Sectionalism
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California Gold Rush
In Stutter's Mill in California, James Marshall found gold, and word spread like wildfire. Over hundreds of thousands of people migrated to California in hope of finding gold for wealth. This gold rush sped up the process of California being admitted to the Union because the United States wanted a part of this wealth. The gold rush allowed California to be admitted to the United States as long as it was a free state. Over 700,000 pounds of gold was discovered in California. -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
The document that put an end to the Mexican American War was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago that was signed in 1848. This treaty was critical because it declared peace between the two countries, as well as Mexico giving up some of their lands to the United States for 15 million dollars, as well as creating a border. Mexico lost over half their land with this deal. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago helped America with their desire of expanding their land westward. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a series of safe houses and secret routes in the North for slaves to escape to Canada. Abolitionists helped the slaves by hiding them in their houses so that they would not get caught by the authorities for escaping their owners, because the abolitionists did not support slavery. One of the most famous people who participated in helping of slaves escape to Canada was Harriet Tubman, she was a fugitive slave as well. -
Manifest Destiny
America's goal for the 19th century was to expand their lands westward in North America for the citizens to settle. The Americans wanted to spread their traditions and industries and farms westward, also because as more people migrated to the United State, the settlements began to become crowded. Many Americans also believed that it was their God-given duty to expand west, also known as Manifest Destiny. -
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850 in reaction to the Compromise of 1850, saying that if a slave were to escape from their owners and go to the North, slave hunters could find them and bring them back to the south and returned to their owners. It was also very dangerous for freedmen because if they didn't have their documents, they were also at risk of being returned. This act also said that anyone who helps the fugitive slave could be arrested. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote the book Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. This book was about how negative slavery was in the United States and the Southern's attitude towards Africans. Many believe that the publishment of this book was one of the leading causes of the civil war, because of how it brought attention to the poor treatment of slaves in the south. This resulted in there being even more distinct difference between the north and south in this era. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas was a political issue that took place in the mid-1800s because of the issues towards slavery. This was caused by the Kansas-Nebraska Act being passed, which was over whether or not these states would be a slave or free state. This event took place in Kansas because this was the border of free and slave state from the north and south. Many Anti-slavery and Pro-Slavery influencers can to Kansas trying to persuade the states into their decisions. However, violence broke out. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act is an act that replaced the Missouri Compromise of 1820 due to the tensions it caused. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854, which allowed the citizens of Kansas and Nebraska to chose whether or not they would be a slave state or a free state, also known a popular soverighty . The primary intent of the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to pursue America's goal of expanding their farms westward and to build the Transcontinental Railroad. -
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
Another critical Supreme Court case in America's history was the Dred Scott vs. Sanford case. Dred Scott was a slave and was owned on a free state. The issue with this case was trying to decide whether or not African Americans would be classified as citizens whether they're free or not. The was an issue because this determined if an African American could sue someone in court, and at the end of this trial, it was decided Africans were not citizens, therefore he couldn't sue his owner to be freed -
Spoils System
The Spoils System in the United States began after Andrew Jackson won the presidential election of 1828. When Jackson came to office, he began hiring unqualified citizens for government jobs because they supported him and his campaign. The intent of this system was so that Jackson could remove anyone from the government that opposed him and his views. This system continued for a while but then was diminished after the Civil Service Act of 1833. -
Robert E. Lee
Robert E Lee, born in 1807 in Virginia, later on, became the leader of the Confederate Army during the Civil War in America after being a Confederate soldier. What caused the Civil War to come to an end was when Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to the Union in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse. General Lee was best known for his leadership during the Civil War, with the most successful Confederate Armies. -
The North
The North's economy since the beginning of colonization in America's has always been a predominantly industrial and manufacturing base. The North's population was also much larger than the south's, counting over 20 million people. During the Civil War, the North had an advantage because they already had many more factories than the south allowing them to produce more supplies. The North was fighting for slavery to be abolished in America during the Civil War, and ended up being victorious. -
Trent Affair
The Trent Affair took place un 1861 and was an issue between the United States and Great Britain. Britain accused the United States of breaking British neutrality because of Charles Wilkes, a Navy officer from the United States, who captured two envoys from the British mail ships, which were named Trent. In reaction to this, the confederates sent two of their diplomates to Britain, however, the Union removed them cauging more conflict, because Britain demanded an apology from the US. -
The South
Since the beginning of the Americas, the South was always predominately more agricultural based rather than industrial. The South also had a much smaller population compared to the north, and much of the population were slaves. During the Civil War, although the South, or Confederates, had better leadership over the militia, their army was still much smaller and did not have as much manufacturing for supplies. The south was fighting to keep slavery, but they were not successful and surrendered. -
Conscription Act
The intention of the Conscription Act was to increase the size of the Confederate Army because their army was much smaller than the North's. This Act, also known as the Enrollment Act, that was passed by the Confederate Congress stating that white males between the ages of thirteen and thirty-five could be eligible to be drafted into the Confederate Army for the Civil War. Immigrants could also joing the Confederate army even if they weren't citizens yet. -
Emancipation Proclamation
The Emancipation Proclamation was enforced during the Civil War by President Lincoln. The Emancipation Proclamation stated that slaves were to be freed in all southern/Confederate states. However, the Confederate states did not enforce this Act passed by the Union because they were pro-slavery. However, the slaves' freedoms were not guaranteed until the Union won the Civil War. Many of the slaves there were freed moved to the Northern states where they had better treatment. -
Lincoln's 10% Plan
The 10% Plan that was enforced by President Lincoln at the beginning of the reconstruction era in the United States. The passing of the Plan was to ultimately combine the North and South again peacefully. This act stated that in order for the Southern states to be readmitted to the Union, 10 percent of their voter, excluding settlers, must undergo an oath of loyalty to the Union. This also set the expectation that a new consitution would be created to officially abolish Slavery in the U.S. -
Wade-Davis Bill
After the Civil War, many radical republicans believed that the south should be punished, resulting in them passing the Wade-Davis Bill. The Wade Davis Bill stated that slavery was officially abolished everywhere in the U.S and that African American men could now have the right to vote. This was the requirements the southern states must've met to be readmitted into the Union. Howver, Lincoln did not believe in punishing the south, therefore, he voetoed the Bill and used the 10% Plan isntead. -
Black Codes
After the Civil War, slavery was abolished, slaves were now freed, and given the right to vote. This caused the South to try and limit their newly gained rights by enforcing Black Codes on African Americans. These codes limited African Americans civil rights and economic opportunities for them, also preventing them from serving in juries and testifying against whites. Many southerners also hired African Americans, however put them through harsh working conditions and low wages. -
Freedman's Bureau
After the Civil War, many African Americans faced hardships, especially in the South. Many of their newly gained rights were limited with Black Codes, so as a reaction to this, Congress passed the Freedman's Bureau in order to support African Americans, and some poor whites, by providing them with financial aids, economic opportunities, schools, and housing. In result, the Freedman;s Bureau was successful in the US and helped many freed slaves transition into society as freed citizens. -
Lincoln's Assaniation
After the Civil War, there was still a lot of tension between the North and the South. When President Abraham Lincoln went to Ford's Theater, sitting in a reserved area meant for him, a man by the name of John Wilkes Booth shot him in the back of the head, killing Lincoln the next day. After John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln, he jumped off the balcony onto the stage and ran off, escaping through a back door of the theater. After Lincoln died, John Wilkes Booth was found hiding on a farm and died. -
Railroads
In Great Britain, railroads were relatively common and the United States wanted to jump on the bandwagon and start building railroads. Railroads were beginning to become more and more popular in the 1800s, especially after the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroads in the state of Utah. The United States would benefit from this because transportation would be more efficient and cheaper. This gave the US more economic opportunites. -
Tenant Farmers
Tenant farmers were very significant during the American Industrial Revolution. These were farmers who worked on land that wasn't owned by them, allowing them to pay rent and provide supplies and produce for their families. This system/operation was based on agriculture, where people who own large amounts of land, allowed people to work on their land for labor, and payed them with housing. -
The Creation of Parks
When President Ulysses S.Grant came to office, he created the National Yellowstone Park which was the country and world's first national parked to be created. The Act of Dedication is the act that grant signed in order for the park to be built. This park is located in Wyoming, Idaho and Montana. The Yellowstone Park is famous for the wildlife, the different ecosystem present. However, another thing the park is known for is the cemeteries that were brought due to graves being stacked onto another -
Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873 occurred during the Reconstruction era in America after the Civil war. America's economy was falling into a depression, causing money financial problem throughout the country. The caused a the Republican party to weaken, whih then resulted in the Democrats taking control of the House of Representatives. The effects this Panic had on the country was the end of the reconstruction period in the U.S. -
The Election of 1876
The reconstruction Ear in the United States ended because of the presidential election in 1876. The two running candidates were Republican Rutherford Hayes and democratic Samuel Tilden. This election resulted in Tilden win the popular vote of the state's representatives, but a conflict with the electoral college votes. This election took out all the troops in the Southern states. Many of Tilden's votes however were not counted during the elction and this made many democrats in the south upset. -
Carpetbaggers
After the Civil War, many people from the North went to the South to take advantage of the Reconstruction era for financial and economic benefits,these were known as carpetbaggers. Carpetbaggers main intentions were to gain more money in the south in republican states, and also have a change in political powers. Many carpetbaggers also helped the freed slaves after the Civil War. -
Immigration
During the American Industrial Revolution, many people from outside countries moved to the states for more economic and financial opportunities because of the increase in labor and jobs. Other immigrants also moved to the states to practice their religion freely and escape discrimination from their home countries. This played s significant role in urbanization in the United States because many of the immigrants moved to the cities because that where the most job ooportunities were.
