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Period: to
Transforming the West
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Morrill Land Grant College Act
Land-Grant College Act of 1862, or Morrill Act, Act of the U.S. Congress, 1862, that provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts.”The Morrill Land-Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges in U.S. states using the proceeds of federal land sales. -
Homestead Act
Signed and passed as a law in 1862, the Homestead Act opened up settlement in the western united States, allowing any American, including freed slaves, to put in a claim for up to 160 acres of federal land. By the end of the Civil War, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed in the postwar years. Eventually, 1.6 million individual claims would be approved; nearly ten percent of all government held property for a total of 420,000 square miles of territory. -
Laissez Faire
Laissez Faire is a french phrase that translates to "allow to do", this was the policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society. The doctrine of laissez-faire is usually associated with the economists known as Physiocrats, who flourished in France from about 1756 to 1778. This policy received strong support in classical economics as it developed in Great Britain under the influence of economist and philosopher Adam Smith. -
Social Darwinism
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform. -
Period: to
Becoming an Industrial Power
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Railroads
In 1860, there were more than 30k miles of railroad in actual operation and one continuous line of rails ran from New York City, to the Mississippi River. May 10,1869,on this date the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroad companies joined their individuals sets of tracks to make the first Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.Railroads cut travel time by 90%,new towns and cities emerged,improved transportation in the U.S,thousands of settlers utilized the railroads to go west. -
Red River War
The Red River War was a military campaign launched by the United States Army in 1874 to remove the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes from the Southern Plains and Forcibly relocate them to reservation in Indian Territory. The U.S. military engagements fought against warriors of the Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Native American tribes. -
Battle of Little Big Horn
The Battle of Little Bighorn,1876. In late 1875,Sioux and Cheyenne Indians defiantly left their reservation, outraged over the continued intrusions of whites into their sacred lands in the Black Hills. They gathered in Montana with the great warrior Sitting Bull to fight for their lands. Determined to resist the effort of the U.S. Army to force them onto reservation,Indians under the leadership of Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse wipe out Lieutenant Colonel George Custer and much of his 7th Cavalry. -
Period: to
The Gilded Age
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Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late 19th century were given the name Exodusters, and they were part of the Exoduster movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of black people following the Civil War. They began to move with the help of former slave Singleton who had escaped to the north. He returned to help his fellow former slaves. He told them to move to Kansas to purchase land and establish a better life there. -
Light Bulb
The incandescent light bulb is an electric light withe a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light. Thomas Edison made the first public demonstration of his incandescent light bulb on December 31, 1879, in Menlo Park. it was during this time that he said: "We will make electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles. -
Tenements
In the 19th century, more and more people began crowding into America's cities, including thousands of newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life than the one they had left behind. In New York City-where the populations doubled. Due to the increase in population and immigrants migrating to the United States of America, tenements were made. These narrow, low-rise apartment buildings-many of them concentrated in the city's lower East side neighborhoods-were all too often cramped. -
Assassination of President Garfield
The assassination of James A. Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, began when he was shot at 9:30 am on July 2, 1881, less than four months into his term as President, and ended in his death 79 days later on September 19, 1881. He was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C., and died in Elberon, New Jersey. Guiteau's motive was revenge against Garfield for an imagined political debt. -
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A.Arthur on May 6,1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. It was also the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. One of the main reasons this act was passed was to placate worker demands and assuage prevalent concerns about maintaining white "racial purity" in the American Economy. -
Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show
William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was an American scout, bison hunter, and showman. In 1883, Cody staged an outdoor extravaganza called the "Wild West, Rocky Mountain, and Prairie Exhibition" for a fourth of July celebration in Nebraska. Cody realized he could evoke the mythic West more effectively if he abandoned cramped theater stages for a large outdoor exhibitions. The result was Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and his shows brought in a crow of 20,000 people every time. -
Great Upheaval of 1886
Under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly, the Knights of Labor experienced tremendous growth from 1879-1886, ultimately reaching 700,000 members. The Knights, however, did not attract much attention until the period of labor unrest in 1885-1886, often termed "the Great Upheaval of 1886" by labor historians. -
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act is a landmark federal statute in the history of the United States antitrust law passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison.The act was passed in 1890 after widespread growth of trusts in the 1880's. Section 1 prohibits agreements in restraint of trade--such as price-fixing, refusals to deal, bid-rigging, etc. The parties involved might be competitors, customers, or a combination of the two. -
Americanization
The United States dealt with a flood of immigrants during the early 20th century through the Americanization Movement- a variety of programs and campaigns aimed at turning foreigners into Americans. At the turn of the 20th century, millions of immigrants poured into the United States. Americanization was basically enforced by very patriotic Americans that wanted to keep the american culture strong by assimilating immigrants into their culture. -
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army is a protestant Christian para-church and an international charitable organization structure in a quasi-military fashion. The organization reports a worldwide membership of over 1.5 million, consisting of soldiers, officers, and adherents known as Salvationists. It's founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their "physical and spiritual needs." -
Period: to
Imperialism
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People’s Party/Populist Party
The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or the Populists, was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, 1892–96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896; a small independent remnant survived until 1908. It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South. It was highly critical of banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement. -
World's Columbian Exposition 1893
The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism. -
Depression of 1893
The Depression of 1893 also known as the Panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year. Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. The National Bureau of Economic Research estimates that the economic contraction began in January 1893 and continued until June 1894. -
Period: to
Progressive Era
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Election of 1896
Presidential election of 1896 was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1896. Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican candidate, defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan. The 1896 campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System. -
Klondike Gold Rush
The Klondike Gold Rush was a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and gold prospecting in the Klondike near Dawson City in the Yukon Territory, Canada, after gold was discovered in the late 19th century. It played a huge impact on populations in California and the surrounding ares, and because of the increase in population density, it directly lead to California's admittance into the nation as a free state. -
William McKinley
William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1897 until his assassination in September 1901, six months into his second term. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish–American War, raised protective tariffs to promote American industry, and maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of inflationary proposals. -
Battle of San Juan Hill
The Battle of San Juan Hill also known as the battle for the San Juan Heights, was a decisive battle of the Spanish–American War.This fight for the heights was the bloodiest and most famous battle of the war.It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders, as claimed by the press and its new commander, Theodore Roosevelt, who was to eventually become first vice-president and then president, and who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in 2001 for his actions in Cuba. -
Treaty of Paris (1898)
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish–American War. -
Spanish-American War
The Spanish–American War was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. -
Philippine-American War
The Philippine–American War was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United State. The Filipinos saw the conflict as a continuation of the Filipino struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War. -
Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901. It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness, known in English as the "Boxers", for many of their members had been practitioners of martial arts that included boxing. They were motivated by proto-nationalist sentiments, and by opposition to Western colonialism and the Christian missionary activity that was associated with it. -
American Indian Citizenship Act
Before this act many native american's were stationed or relocated to designated national reserves within the United States of America. But on June 2, 1924, Congress granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the U.S. Yet even after the Indian Citizenship Act, some Native Americans weren't allowed to vote because the right to vote was governed by the state law. Before this act many native american's were stationed or relocated to -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and is often identified as one of the richest people.He disposed of his great fortune by endowing educational, cultural, scientific, and technological institutions. -
John Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller Sr. was an American oil industry business magnate, industrialist, and philanthropist. He is widely considered the wealthiest American of all time, and the richest person in modern history. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world's wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. -
Robber Barons
"Robber Baron" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who used unscrupulous methods to get rich. This term appeared as early as February 9,1859 when the New York Times used it to characterize the unethical business practices by Cornelius Vanderbilt. -
Child Labor
In 1833 the government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible. In 1924, Congress proposed a constitutional amendment prohibiting child labor, but the states did not ratify it. Then in 1938, Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act. It fixed minimum ages of 16 for work during school hours, 14 for certain jobs after school, and 18 for dangerous work. -
Political Machine
A political machine is a political group in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine's power based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. These elements, although, common to most political parties and organization, they were essential to political machines who relied on hierarchy and rewards for political power. -
Child Labor
Although children had been servants and apprentices throughout most of human history, child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where adults couldn’t fit, children were easier to manage and control and perhaps most importantly, children could be paid less than adults. -
Election of 1900
The United States presidential election of 1900 was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. In a re-match of the 1896 race, Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan.McKinley's victory made him the first president to win consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872. -
Steam Power travel
Steam power developed slowly over a period of several hundred years, progressing through expensive and fairly limited devices in the early 17th century, to useful pumps for mining in 1700, and then to Watt's improved steam engine designs in the late 18th century. It is these later designs, introduced just when the need for practical power was growing due to the Industrial Revolution, that truly made steam power commonplace. -
Teddy Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman and writer who served as the 26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909. He also served as the 25th Vice President of the United States from March to September 1901 and as the 33rd Governor of New York from 1899 to 1900. He became a driving force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. His face is depicted on Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. -
Labor Unions
Labor Unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law. For those in the industrial sector, organized labor unions fought for better wages, reasonable hours and safer working conditions. The labor movement led efforts to stop child labor, give health benefits and provide aid to workers who were injured or retired. -
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was a war between the Japanese Empire and the Russian Empire. It started in 1904 and ended in 1905. The Japanese won the war, and the Russians lost. The war happened because the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire disagreed over who should get parts of Manchuria and Korea.The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–05 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on Sept 5, 1905. -
Panama Canal
France began work on the canal in 1881, but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous Cape Horn route. -
Henry Ford
Henry Ford, July 30, 1863 to April 7, 1947, was an American captain of industry and a business magnate, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and the sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production.Although Ford did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle-class Americans could afford. -
Muller v. Oregon
Muller v. Oregon was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. Women were provided by state mandate, lesser work-hours than allotted to men. The posed question was whether women's liberty to negotiate a contract with an employer should be equal to a man's. The law did not recognize sex-based discrimination in 1908.The case describes women as having dependency upon men in a manner that such women needed their rights to be preserved by the state. -
Election of 1912
The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated Former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as the Progressive Party ("Bull Moose") nominee. Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote. -
17th Amendment
The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held. -
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act is an Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System (the central banking system of the United States), and which created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US Dollar) as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. -
Anti-Japanese laws in California
In the United States, anti-Japanese sentiment had its beginnings well before World War II. Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States has existed since the late 19th century, during the Yellow Peril. Anti-Japanese sentiment peaked during the Second World War and again in the 1970's-1980's with the rise of Japan as a major economic power. -
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia. This caused the Central Powers, including Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Serbia's allies to declare war on each other, starting World War I. -
Central Powers
The Central Powers consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18). It faced and was defeated by the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente. The Powers' origin was the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1879. The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria did not join until after World War I had begun. -
Allied Powers
The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War. The members of the original Triple Entente of 1907 were the French Republic, the British Empire and the Russian Empire. Italy ended its alliance with the Central Powers, arguing that Germany and Austria-Hungary started the war without prior consultation with all allies and that the alliance was only defensive in nature; it entered the war on the side of the Entente in 1915. -
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution radically transforming Mexican culture and government. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution, it was a "genuinely national revolution". Its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the failure of the 35-year-long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession. This meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection. Wealthy landowner Francisco I. -
Pancho Villa
Francisco "Pancho" Villa was a Mexican Revolutionary general and one of the most prominent figures of the Mexican Revolution. As commander of the División del Norte in the Constitutionalist Army, he was a military-landowner of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914. Villa can be credited with decisive military victories leading to the ousting of Victoriano Huerta from the presidency in July 1914. -
American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
The American Expeditionary Forces are military forces dispatched to specifically fight in a foreign country. American troops helped the Allies win the war by playing a "definite and distinct part" in the war. They did this by supporting British and French forces as well as operating in their own manner. a peace plan proposed by Woodrow Wilson that would try to prevent international problems from sparking another world war. -
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare was a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other. In winter, trenches flooded, and sometimes froze. As a result of wet conditions and poor hygiene, some soldiers suffered from "trench foot". Front line soldiers could be expected to advance across no man's land towards the enemy frontline trenches, in the face of shelling, machine gun fire and barbed wire defences. -
Period: to
World War 1
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Workplace safety
Before the late nineteenth century we know little about the safety of American workplaces because contemporaries cared little about it. As a result, only fragmentary information exists prior to the 1880s. Pre-industrial laborers faced risks from animals and hand tools, ladders and stairs. Industrialization substituted steam engines for animals, machines for hand tools, and elevators for ladders. But whether these new technologies generally worsened the dangers of work is unclear. -
18th Amendment
The Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution effectively established the prohibition of alcoholic beverages in the United States by declaring the production, transport, and sale of alcohol (though not the consumption or private possession) illegal.The separate Volstead Act set down methods for enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, and defined which "intoxicating liquors" were prohibited, and which were excluded from prohibition. -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union. The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917. In the second revolution that October, the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets. -
Mustard Gas
It was a vesicant that was introduced by Germany in July 1917 prior to the Third Battle of Ypres. The Germans marked their shells yellow for mustard gas and green for chlorine and phosgene; hence they called the new gas Yellow Cross. Mustard gas was used to lethal effect during World War I, and early gas masks offered little protection. Mustard gas, or sulfur mustard is a chemical agent that causes severe burning of the skin, eyes and respiratory tract. -
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. It took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. -
Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism usually has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. However, fundamentalism has come to be applied to a tendency among certain groups—mainly, though not exclusively, in religion—that is characterized by a markedly strict literalism as it is applied to certain specific scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, and a strong sense of the importance of maintaining ingroup and outgroup distinctions. -
American Civil Liberties Union
In the years following World War I, America was gripped by the fear that the Communist Revolution that had taken place in Russia would spread to the United States. As is often the case when fear outweighs rational debate, civil liberties paid the price. In November 1919 and January 1920, in what notoriously became known as the “Palmer Raids,” Attorney General Mitchell Palmer began rounding up and deporting so-called radicals. -
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan, is three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration and—especially in later iterations—Nordicism, anti-Catholicism and antisemitism. Historically, the KKK used terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals whom they opposed. -
Susan B. Anthony
Susan Brownell Anthony was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Her work extended its influence throughout the roaring 20's in the 1920's. -
The Nineteenth Amendment
The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted American women the right to vote, a right known as women’s suffrage, and was ratified on August 18, 1920, ending almost a century of protest. In 1848 the movement for women’s rights launched on a national level with the Seneca Falls Convention organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Following the convention, the demand for the vote became a centerpiece of the women’s rights movement. -
Temperance Movement
The temperance movement began in the early 19th century (around the 1820's). Before this, although there were pieces published against drunkenness and excess, total abstinence from alcohol was very rarely advocated or practiced. Because of these concerns, many people became involved in reform movements during the early 1800's. One of the more prominent was the temperance movement. Temperance advocates encouraged their fellow Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol that they consumed. -
First Red Scare
First Red Scare. The First Red Scare was a period during the early 20th-century history of the United States marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events; real events included those such as the Russian Revolution and anarchist bombings. -
Period: to
1920's
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Teapot Dome Scandal
The Teapot Dome Scandal was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. -
Immigration act of 1924
The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, including the National Origins Act, and Asian Exclusion Act. Limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota.The United States federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number of people from that. -
Charles Lindbergh
Charles Lindbergh was a famous aviator. In 1927 he became the first man to successfully fly an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean. The plane he flew across the Atlantic Ocean was a small plane and he did it without stopping and going a straight 33 and a half hours and landing in Paris. He called his airplane the Spirit of St. Louis, and his courageous feat helped make Missouri a leader in the developing world of aviation. -
Valentine's Day Massacre
Gang warfare ruled the streets of Chicago during the late 1920's, as chief gangster Al Capone sought to consolidate control by eliminating his rivals in the illegal trades of bootlegging, gambling and prostitution. This rash of gang violence reached its bloody climax in a garage on the city’s North Side on February 14, 1929, when seven men associated with the Irish gangster George “Bugs” Moran, one of Capone’s longtime enemies, were shot to death by several men dressed as policemen. -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover was an American engineer, businessman and politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression.A Republican,as Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s he introduced Progressive Era themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency and international trade. As president from 1929 to 1933, his domestic programs were overshadowed by the onset of the Great Depression. -
Great Depression in Germany
The economic situation in Germany briefly improved between 1924-1929. However, Germany in the 1920s remained politically and economically unstable. The Weimar democracy could not withstand the disastrous Great Depression of 1929. The disaster began in the United States of America, the leading economy in the world. -
Period: to
The Great Depression
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Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl refers to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930's. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region. The Dust Bowl intensified the crushing economic impacts of the Great Depression and drove many farming families on a desperate migration in search of work and better living conditions. -
Election of 1932
The United States presidential election of 1932 was the thirty-seventh quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1932. The election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans. -
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, who was a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century. Roosevelt directed the United States federal government during most of the Great Depression, implementing his New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was an American politician, diplomat and activist. She was the longest-serving First Lady of the United States, having held the post from March 1933 to April 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms in office, and served as United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952. President Harry S. Truman later called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements. -
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933. FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). -
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery.The NIRA was declared unconstitutional in May 1935 when the Supreme Court issued its unanimous decision in the case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. -
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission was established in 1934 to regulate the commerce in stocks, bonds, and other securities. After the October 29, 1929, stock market crash, reflections on its cause prompted calls for reform. Controls on the issuing and trading of securities were virtually nonexistent, allowing for any number of frauds and other schemes. -
Hitler
Adolf Hitler, born 20 April 1889 and died in 30 April 1945 was a German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.[a] As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. -
Emergency Relief Act
FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in 1935 by the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Roosevelt asked Congress to set up FERA—which gave grants to the states for the same purpose—in May 1933, and appointed Hopkins to head it.This organization's purpose was initially to distribute 500 million dollars in federal funds to state agencies. These funds were grants and not loans. -
African Americans in War
African Americans in WWII. Over 2.5 million African-American men registered for the draft, and black women also volunteered in large numbers. While serving in the Army, Army Air Forces, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, they experienced discrimination and segregation but met the challenge and persevered.William H. Carney's valor at Fort Wagner was honored on May 23, 1900, when he was awarded the Medal of Honor. He was the first black soldier to receive the award. -
Period: to
World War II
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American Communism
Fear of Communism in America and there was also a Communist Party. Established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America, it has a long, complex history that is closely tied with the U.S. labor movement and the histories of communist parties worldwide. The party was influential in American politics in the first half of the 20th century, and played a prominent role in the labor movement from the 1920s through the 1940s, with its membership increasing during the Great Depression. -
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were "racially superior" and that the Jews, deemed "inferior," were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. -
Auschwitz Concentration Camp
The Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It consisted of Auschwitz I (the original concentration camp), Auschwitz II–Birkenau (a combination concentration/extermination camp), Auschwitz III–Monowitz (a labor camp to staff an IG Farben factory), and 45 satellite camps. -
Navajo Code Talkers
The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. Code talking, however, was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I.The Navajo Code Talkers were treated with the utmost respect by their fellow marines. -
Executive Order 9066
Executive Order 9066 was a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942.The West Coast was divided into military zones, and on February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 authorizing exclusion. Congress then implemented the order on March 21, 1942, by passing Public Law 503. -
Battle of Monte Casino
The Battle of Monte Cassino was a costly series of four assaults by the Allies against the Winter Line in Italy held by Axis forces during the Italian Campaign of World War II. The intention was a breakthrough to Rome.The German defenders were finally driven from their positions, but at a high cost.The capture of Monte Cassino resulted in 55,000 Allied casualties, with German losses being far fewer, estimated at around 20,000 killed and wounded. -
D-Day
D-Day is the World War II military operation which took place on June 6, 1944. It was code-named Operation Neptune, presumably because it involved a water landing by the Allies on the beaches of Normandy, France. It is the largest military operation by sea in history, and of course it had great significance to the war. The goal was to surprise Germany, but Germany was ready to fight. It was the beginning of the end of World War II. -
Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada. From 1942 to 1946, the project was under the direction of Major General Leslie Groves of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Nuclear physicist Robert Oppenheimer was the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory that designed the actual bombs.
