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Banned trade unionism > only possibility: FRIENDLY SOCIETIES
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End of Napoleonic wars
UTILITARIANISM
Bentham
GROWTH OF LIBERALISM (SUITED TO RAPID EXPANSION OF ENGLAND) -
MINIMAL STATE INTERVENTION (LOCKE'S IDEAS)
The state should only intervene in:
-PROTECTION OF PROPERTY
-PUBLIC ORDER
-NATIONAL DEFENSE
'The greatest happiness of the greatest number'
Pleasure of the individual <> pleasure of the community >> clashes >> intervention of the state -
London merchants made a petition to Parliament to achieve freedom from restraint
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During the Early Victorian period
Robert Owen (middle classes) Paternalistic view
Lord Shaftesbury (higher classes) Paternalistic view
Lovett and Place (lower-middle classes) Self-help -
Certainty of punishment instead of severity
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Thanks to the work of Lovett and Place
The bill settled the status of trade unions in terms of equality with employers' associations.
Emergence of many trade unions
'Old Trade Unions' gathered skilled workers
1825 - second Act restricting intimidation and the use of violencegrowth in trade unions (the disguise of Friendly Societies was no longer needed)
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METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE
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(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY)
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Lord Shaftesbury's first parliamentary victory
Only affected children, applied to all textile mills
Regulated children labour, provided inspection -
CHARTISM proposed:
-universal suffrage for all men over 21
-secrecy of ballot
end for the need of property qualification for Parliament aims: social, working conditions. When these reforms were achieved, the mov disappeared. -
Removal of Corn Laws and Navigation Acts >> material prosperity
Favourable to industrial and comercial interests -
PHILOSOPHICAL RADICALISM
Stuart Mill and Chadwick
SUPREMACY OF LIBERALISM (the most complete individual freedom for those who contributed to the national wealth) -
*skilled workers
*aim: insurance and soc benefits
*collective bargaining with employers
*methods: conciliation and negotiation, against strikes >> more accepted by businessmen -
JOHN STUART MILL AND CHADWICK
Gov should intervene further, it should create the conditions for 'happiness'
Reforms on EDUCATION, FACTORY, HOUSING, HEALTH (no provision of medical service) AND FRANCHISE >> SOCIAL SERVICE STATE -
aim: check Russia's expansion
result: England realised how obsolete her military forces were -
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY)
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PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL - Gov passed:
*Trade Union Act, 1871: legalisation of trade unions, strengthened their legal status
*Criminal Law Amendment Act: peaceful picketing was prohibited > severe restriction of their powers as fighting bodies. -
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during the Mid Vict period
gradual political and social reforms
As more ppl were represented, they needed to be more educated to vote conscientiously
As ppl became more educated, they demanded more political rights. -
NEW LIBERALISM
Hobhouse and Hobson
DECLINE OF LIBERALISM (moral and economic collapse) -
intention of linking doctrines of individual liberty with collective action through central and local state to control industry in the interest of the whole
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similar to Hobhouse, but PRIORITY OF SOCIETY OVER ITS INVIDIVUALS
-Analogy of a natural organism to describe society and its political functions -
HOBSON AND HOBHOUSE: protect ppl at all times, not only at work >> EXTENDED AND EXTENDING STATE > $
-LAND UTILISATION: gov didn't own the land, but levied taxes on it > PPL'S BUDGET Only when there is a clash of interests there should be gov intervention.SOCIAL SECURITY STATE
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1880-1900 SPLENDID ISOLATION
aim: expand England's colonies
result: England realised how lonely she was. -
Br socialist intellectual mov
*advance to socialism through gradual reforms (local first, then national) -
*gathered both skilled an unskilled workers
*conciliation
*socialist ideas -
Britain's first organised socialist political party
*demand for universal suffrage
*nationalisation of means of production and distribution -
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY)
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ANTECEDENT OF the LABOUR PARTY
New Unions and philosophers of the Fabian Soc and the SDF formed this political party.
*aim: collective ownership of the means of prod, distrib, and exchange. -
Formed by members of
*the SDF,
*Trade Union Congress,
*Fab Soc,
*the Indep Lab Party head of the LRC: Keir Hardie
secretary: Ramsay MacDonald -
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The Lab Rep Committee changed its name and founded the Lab Party.
Constitution, clause 4 promotes:
*the state ownership of the means of prod, distrib and exhcange. >> a way to achieve an egalitarian soc >> Lab Party is a Socialist party
(Clause removed by Tony Blair, now the New Lab Party is not a socialist party) -
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Money was needed > LAND UTILISATION/NATIONALISATION >Lloyd George's Ppl's Budget
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Lloyd George - Lord Chancellor
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Unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old age pensions
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SOC SERV STATE + innovations to protect PPL WHEN NOT WORKING > sick, old, unemployed.
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*ECONOMIC UNREST
*CONTROLLED CAPITALISM: the gov encpuraged industries to regulate their own affairs on a national basis.
*low prices>low salaries> strike: Trade Union Congress
*1st steps of a MANAGED ECONOMY (some industries became under gov control)
RECOVERY PROGRAMME: protectionist policies, -
(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY)
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MacDonald PM
didn't have power because they didn't have a majority in Parliament -
It reflected the post-war economic unrest
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(GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY)
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Germany could increase their naby.
The agreement violeated the T of Versailles and the declaration of Stresa Front (which had the aim of reaffirming the Locarno Pact: "Germany had accepted that the Rheinland should be demilitarised")it showed Britain's self-interest.
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(During Chuchill and Atlee's coalition gov)
To assess the living conditions of the British after war.
It was the basis for the creation of the WELFARE STATE, born in 1945. -
Reorganised primary and secondary education.
It introduced an exam to determine who should go to which school > unpopular, not based on equality -
MATERIALISED IN 1948
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Victory of Lab Party> achieve the collective ownership of means of P, D and Ex to achieve an egalitarian society.
He nationalised:
*The Bank of England (means of exchange)
*Coal, electricity, gas industries (means of prod)
*Railroads and airlines (means of distribution) -
It raised wages and shortened the working day, although unemployment was not completely solved.
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It implemented medical care and service for free, based on principles of universality, it was also comprehensive