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Rembrandt van Rijn, "Bathsheba at Her Bath,” 1654. Oil on Canvas, 1.42m x 1.42m, Louvre Museum, Paris, http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/bathsheba-her-bath. The painting, “Bathsheba at Her Bath” by the famous Dutch painter and etcher Rembrandt from 1654, is a painting inspired by the biblical story in the Old Testament. This painting depicts a melancholy young woman, who is the wife of Uriah, a general in King David's army. She is painted in a highly realistic manner. It is singificant to the theme of health because it shows the ideal body of a woman in 17th century Europe. It also shows a subtle hint of an earlier sign of breast cancer.
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The first recorded attempt at blood transfusion, Richard Lower bleeds a dog almost to death and then revives the animal by transfusing blood from another dog via a tied artery at the Royal Society in London, he proves that the idea is feasible. The first successful blood transfusion to a human is achieved in Paris by Jean Baptiste Denis, when a lamb's blood is used to apparently save the life of a 15-year-old boy image:http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/culturelab/2011/03
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Charles II performing the Royal Touch, engraving by Robert White, following the English Civil War (England,1684). Perceptions of disease strengthened the faith subjects had toward the monarchy —The Royal Touch was used by King Charles II to 'cure' scrofula and consolidate his power, by making it appear as if he has divine powers.
http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/kingsevil.aspx -
Luca Giordano, "Carlos II", 1685. Oil on Canvas, 66cm x 56cm. Prado Museum, Spain. This is an important portrait in terms of depicting health because there are many medical crises depicted in this portrait. In the painting, a prognathous jaw and elongated skull are quite noticeable. King Charles suffered many physical and mental disabilities that was caused by intermarriages between cousins.
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Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian doctor, attended to work diseases. He focussed on workers' health problems by observing workers and engaging in discussion with them in regards to their illness and discomfort. His observations is compiled into his book De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (Diseases of Workers). It contained description of disease and the work in assocaition with it. It also includes remedies and advices.
http://mcgill.worldcat.org/title/de-morbis-artificum-diatriba/oclc/14330199 -
Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first mercury thermometer, the modern thermometer. Thermometers give us a way to quantify or put a number on the temperature of anything that may be affected by heat, including ourselves. The human body only functions well over a very narrow temperature range. Thermometers allow us to determine quickly if a person is in a normal state or a dangerous state. image: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2194635
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At the siege of Fort Pitt, the British implemented their first attempt at biological warfare against natives in their American colony who wanted to recapture their lost land. Their first attempt to two native delegates failed as they did not get smallpox. But according to what Thomas Hutchins written in his journal, that smallpox had infected the Kickaupoo Nations and Lower Shawneese Town.
https://archive.org/stream/wildernesstrailo02hann#page/366/mode/2up -
Toothbrushes arrived in Europe in the 17th century from China. In the late 17th century they became popular with the wealthy in England. William Addis of England prototyped the toothbrush while he was in jail and is believed to have produced the first mass-produced modern toothbrush, in 1780. image:http://www.incisorsandmolars.com/dental-education/toothbrush-history.html
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Jacques- Louis David, "Death of Marat", 1793. Oil on Canvas, 157cm x 136cm. Louvre Museum, Paris. Reproduced from "Histoire- image" (accessed April 03, 2015). This was a significant piece of art during the Revolution because it depicts the murder of the French Revolutionary writer, Jean- Paul Marat. Marat suffered from eczema, which caused him to spend most of his days in a bathtub.
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Francisco Goya, "The Naked Maja", 1795- 1800. Oil on Canvas, 98cm x 191cm. Prado Museum, Spain. This painting depicts a self- confident, naked young woman who has a straightforward, unashamed gaze towards the viewer. It taps into the theme of body- images for women in 17th- century Europe.
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Jacques- Louis David, "Napoleon Crossing the Alps", 1801. Oil on Canvas, 261cm x 221cm. Musée National du Château de Malmaison, Rueil Malmaison. This is a significant work of art for the theme of health because it depicts an extremely confident , healthy looking Napoleon, wearing vibrant colours and possessing a hopeful, positive attitude.
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Skull from excavation site in Vilinius, Lithuania (in 1812 was in the Russian Empire), discovered by a bulldozing team in 2002. The skull was part of a mass grave of some of the men Napoleon had led into Russia. Typhus desecrated much of Napoleon's army- the military blunder led people to resent him and his Empire. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/archaeology/napoleon_army_01.shtml (accessed March 30, 2015).
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During the 19th century medicine made rapid progress. In1816 a man named Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope. At first he used a tube of paper. Later he used a wooden version.Using this new instrument, he investigated the sounds made by the heart and lungs and determined that his diagnoses were supported by the observations made during autopsies. image:http://adctoday.com/learning-center/about-stethoscopes/history-stethoscope
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Paul Delaroche, "Bonaparte Crossing the Alps", 1850. Oil on Canvas, 289cm x 222cm. St. Jame's Palace, London, England. This work was inspired by Jacques- Louis David's painting under the same title. Delaroche's painting depicts a frail, weak looking Napoleon, and is quite a realistic portrait of him as opposed to David's painting.
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"King Cholera," a cartoon drawn by John Leech for the Victorian humour magazine, 'Punch' (September 25, 1852). Shows the link between filth/overcrowding with cholera. The poor conditions of the poor (wrought with disease and hunger) led to the beginnings of socialist movements.
http://www.victorianweb.org/science/health/nightingale/1.html -
Forms of intravenous injection and infusion began as early as 1670. However, Charles Gabriel Pravaz (France) and Alexander Wood (Scotland) were the first to develop a syringe with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Many of the technical difficulties which had faced those experimenting with blood transfusion were removed after 1853 by the invention of the hypodermic syringe, with its hollow pointed needle. image:http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsyringe.htm
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The British Meidcal Act of 1858 standardized the crendentials for doctors. Doctors began to join forces and formed different professional associations. Some of their goal was to ensure and start the standardization of traning and doctor's special, qualified identifies. This act enabled the "person requiring Medical Aid should be enabled to distinguish qualified from unqualified practitioners."
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/21-22/90/enacted -
Sophia Louisa Jex-Blake was an English physician, teacher and feminist. As one of the first female doctors in Britain, her attempts to obtain a medical degree were often rejected. Until in 1869, she was finally admitted to Edinburgh University Medical School. Her perspective, stated in her essay Medicine as a profession for women, women patient needs women doctor for treatment. She later became a successful physician and opened two medical schools for women.
https://archive.org/details/3900208 -
The Origin of Species, first edition written by Charles Darwin (Britain, 1838). European imperialists interpreted natural selection to mean 'the strong rule over the weak'. Such ideas were accentuated by the racial character of disease (i.e. leprosy is prevalent in India, indigenous peoples of the New World are more susceptible to smallpox).
http://darwin-chicago.uchicago.edu/origin-of-species.html -
Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the electrocardiograph, for recording the electrical impulses within the heart muscle.He received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for it. The electrocardiograph is an important developement in health because it helps to determine:
-Heartbeat rate
-regularity of rhythm of your heartbeat, steady or irregular
-The strength & timing of electrical signals as they pass through parts of your heart.
image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_galvanometer -
Corbuy, Brussels postcard (Belgium), 1918- represents the disease in the guise of a bullfighter entering Belgium and whose case shows that it has already travelled. War was prioritized over the flu. So in post-World war I, the amassing death tolls from both the war and flu led the people of some European countries to doubt the competence of the democratic system.
http://www.rtbf.be/14-18/thematiques/detail_la-grippe-espagnole-frappe-la-belgique-1918-1919?id=8262630 -
Shell shock is psychological trauma resulted from war experiences. Symptoms included fatigue, tremor, confusion, nightmares and impaired sight and hearing. According to Dr. Myers who was appointed by the Army to offer opinions and solution on shell shock. He believed that it was psychological instead of physical damage. His solution was for the patient to
reintegrate and revive his memories within his consciouness.
http://www.onnovdhart.nl/articles/CSMyersIII.pdf -
German Nazi Party propaganda poster for the T-4 Euthanasia Program, issued by the Office of Racial Policy's Neues Volk, 1938. Nazis believed Germans were superior and that they must purge their population of the biologically inferior sick and disabled to avoid degeneration. An example of agressive nationalism directed at diseased individuals. https://u.osu.edu/wwiihistorytour/posts-from-europe/ (accessed April 5, 2015).
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The baby boom is a phenomenon that occurred after WWII. The conclusion of the war brought a sudden spike in birthrate to many countries, especailly the Western ones. Reasons with the increase of birth were prosperous future with better market for jobs and consumer goods and better medical advances. According to YANK the Army Weekly, during WWII, for every soldier and sailor killed, six babies have been born.
http://www.oldmagazinearticles.com/Baby-Boom_Articlebaby_boom_article_1945
