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Chomsky
Language is acquired
Noam Chomsky postulated that the mechanism of the language acquisition is derived from the innate processes. Innate is something which is already there in mind since birth. ... He also proposed that all of us live in a biological world, and according to him, mental world is no exception -
Chomsky
Distinction between competence and performance
He describes 'competence' as an idealized capacity that is located as a psychological or mental property or function and 'performance' as the production of actual utterances. -
Hymes
There are some components that influence the communicative competence adquisition (SPEAKING) -
Hymes
Transformational theory...
Hymes pointed out that the transformational theory “carries to its perfection the desire to deal in practice only with what is internal to language, yet to find in that in theory is of the widest or deepest human significance” -
Hymes
The most salient connotation of performance is "that of imperfect manifestation of underlying system" -
Hymes
Points out that Chomsky theory does not account for sociocultural factor. -
Hymes
He argues that socio factor interfere with or restrict grammar use because the rules of use are dominant over the rules of grammar -
Hymes
Its necessary distinguish two kind of competence:
- Linguistic competence
- Communicative competence -
Widdowson
Once competence is adquired, performance will take care of itself is false. -
Widdowson
Six or more years of instruction in English does not guarantee normal language communication. -
Hymes
Children develop a general theory of speaking appropriately in their community from a finite experience of speech acts and their interdependence with sociocultural features. -
Labov
Labov described dual competence in reception and single competence in production in lower-class African-American children who distinguish Standard English and the variant Black English in recognition,but use only Black English for production -
Widdowson
He suggests that communicative abilities have to be developed at the same time as the linguistic skills. -
Widdowson
Language is more than how to understand, speak, read, and write sentences, but how sentences are used to communicate. -
Widdowson
Widdowson distinguishes two aspects of performance:
“usage”and“use.”
a) the ability to produce correct sentences, or manifestations of the linguistic system = usage.
b) the ability to use the knowledge of the rules for effective communication = use. -
Widdowson
He also distinguishes two aspects of meaning:“significance”and
“value.”
A) the meaning attached to a sentence as an instance of language usage, isolated from context = significance.
B) The meaning taken by a sentence when it is put to use for communicative purposes = value. -
Widdowson
Widdowson suggests that the classroom presentation of language must ensure the acquisition of both kinds of competence by providing linguistic and communicative contexts. -
Widdowson
Widdowson suggeststhat the selection of content should be made according to its potential occurrence as an example of use in
communicative acts rather than as an example of usage in terms of linguistic structure -
Halliday
The seven proposed functions are grouped into instrumental, regulatory, interpersonal, personal, heuristic,
Imaginative and representative. -
Canale & Swain
They strongly believe that the study of grammatical competence is as essential to the study of communicative competence as is the study of sociolinguistic competence. -
Canale & Swain
They believe that at some point prior to the final selection of grammatical options, semantic options and social behavior options,grammatical forms must be screened -
Canale & Swain
They propose their own theory of communicative competence that minimally includes three main competencies:grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competence. -
Bachman
Strategic competence is considered as:
General ability that allows an individual to make the most effective use of the skills available when carrying out a given task, whether that task is related to the communicative use of the language or if it is not nonverbal tasks, such as doing a musical composition, paint or solve mathematical equations -
Bachman and Palmer
In the particular field of teaching and learning languages
foreign, the evaluative construct is the linguistic ability understood as the ability of a linguistic user to get involved in various types of interactions.
(Thematic knowledge, affective scheme, communicative competence and strategic competence.) -
Bachman and Palmer
Thematic knowledge or knowledge scheme is related to the knowledge of the world and includes elements such as experiences, anecdotes, attitudes, beliefs. -
Bachman and Palmer
The affective scheme, meanwhile, is related to two factors. On the one hand, with the emotional or affective, positive or negative link that the student establishes with his knowledge scheme; and on the other, with the set of personal attributes that directly interfere with learning and evaluation. -
Bachman and Palmer
Propose a new reorganization for communicative competence based on two major components called knowledge: organizational knowledge and pragmatic knowledge -
Bachman and Palmer
Strategic competence is considered as:
set of metacognitive strategies or components that have a cognitive cogn management ’function in the use of language and other cognitive activities. This management is specified in the setting of goals, in planning and evaluation. -
Maturana
Communicative competence can be defined as a “globalizing construct that encompasses the skills, abilities and knowledge that the language user must use to interact effectively in various social contexts” with specific intentions .
