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Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer and civil rights activist who served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991. Marshall was the Court's first African American justice.
(https://www.naacpldf.org/about-us/history/thurgood-marshall/) -
The group was founded on February 12, 1909. What the NAACP did was they created to work for abolishing segregation and discrimination so that everyone was equal in everything which those things are housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation. Overall all they wanted to do was oppose racism and make sure African Americans got their constitutional rights.
(https://naacp.org/) -
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was an American activist in the civil rights movement best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery bus boycott. The United States Congress has honored her as "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/rosa-parks) -
He was born on May 19th, 1925. He became a Muslim minister and was famous for his work as a rights activist during the civil rights movement. He was a local advocate for black empowerment. He was assassinated in 1965.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Malcolm-X) -
Throughout his short life, Medgar Evers heroically spoke out against racism in the deeply divided South. He fought against cruel Jim Crow laws, protested segregation in education, and launched an investigation into the Emmett Till lynching. In addition to playing a role in the civil rights movement, he served as the NAACP's first field officer in Mississippi.
(https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/civil-rights-leaders/medgar-evers ) -
James Howard Meredith is an American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser, and Air Force veteran who became, in 1962, the first African-American student admitted to the racially segregated University of Mississippi after the intervention of the federal government.
(https://50years.olemiss.edu/james-meredith/) -
Robert George Seale is an American political activist and author. In 1966, he co-founded the Black Panther Party with fellow activist Huey P. Newton.
(http://www.bobbyseale.com) -
John Robert Lewis was an American politician and civil rights activist who served in the United States House of Representatives for Georgia's 5th congressional district from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee from 1963 to 1966.
(https://www.biography.com/political-figure/john-lewis ) -
He was a prominent organizer in the civil rights movement in the United States and the global pan-African movement. Born in Trinidad, he grew up in the United States from the age of 11 and became an activist while attending the Bronx High School of Science.
(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stokely-Carmichael) -
Emmett Louis Till was a 14-year-old African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store.
(https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-death-of-emmett-till) -
What CORE did were challenged public segregation and they launched voter registration drives for African Americans. It also became one of the leading organizations in the civil rights movement in the early 1960s. They did this by organizing activist campaigns that tested the segregation laws in the south.
(https://www.britannica.com/ ) -
Brown vs the board of education was a supreme court case in 1952, the NAACP fought for black kids to go to white-only schools. The NAACP encouraged black parents to send their kids to white schools to inspire change. They argued that this segregation violated the 14th amendment. In 1954 found that their evidence wasn't good enough and closed the case. But they still sent black kids to white schools.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Brown-v-Board-of-Education-of-Topeka) -
Ruby was born on September 9th, 1954, and is still alive today. When she was 6, Ruby was one of the only black kids to go to an all-white school, in protest of segregation. She had to be protected by officials when she entered and left the school. Ruby would be bombarded with objects and threatened by angry parents.
(https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ruby-bridges) -
The bus boycott began on December 5, 1955, after a woman named Rosa Parks didn't give up her seat on the bus for a white man, ending in her arrest. This sparked others to take action and all blacks and some whites, boycotted the buses. The boycott ended on December 20th, 1956. This was the beginning of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King Jr was appointed to lead the movement.
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/montgomery-bus-boycott) -
The SCLC advocated the confrontation of segregation. How they did it was through civil dissent. Their direct action had boycotts, marches, and other protests that were nonviolent which was thought controversial by the black community. Most of the people that were in this community were ministers and all of their meetings were held at black churches which became important symbols in the battle for civil rights.
(www.nps.gov ) -
The Little Rock Nine were a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Little-Rock-Nine) -
The Greensboro sit-ins began on February 1st, 1960, and ended on July 25, of the same year. The sit-ins were a form of protest for blacks to have the same service as whites. The protests began with 4 black students refusing to leave a restaurant after being refused service. These protests were nothing but peaceful and were inspired by Gandi. These protests soon became well known and used often by equal rights protesters.
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/the-greensboro-sit-in) -
What this group did was dedicated themselves to organizing sit-ins and nonviolent protests against segregation like SCLC. They also had other things that were about racial discrimination. Then in 1961, they joined CORE which was one of the groups that were also in the civil rights movement.
(https://www.history.com/) -
The freedom riders lasted from May 4th, 1961 to December 10th, of the same year. They were protesters of any race, who would ride buses around the southren U.S. to protest segregated bus laws. The freedom riders were organized by the CORE and were modeled there organization.
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-rides#:~:text=Freedom%20Riders%20were%20groups%20of,to%20protest%20segregated%20bus%20terminals.) -
Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his famous "I have a dream" speech. His speech's goal was to open people's eyes and racism and segregation.
(https://www.archives.gov/nyc/exhibit/mlk#:~:text=On%20August%2028%2C%201963%2C%20Martin,Lincoln%20memorial%20in%20Washington%20DC.) -
The idea for the campaign began when Martin Luther King Jr and the SCLC joined hands with ACMER and wanted to end segregation in Birmingham by putting pressure on the city's merchants. The campaign was planned to be executed in March but it got delayed until April 2nd. The campaign consisted of huge meetings, sit-ins, direct actions, marches in City Hall, and the boycott of the local mercants.
(https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/birmingham-campaign) -
The march to Washington was when Martin Luther King Jr gave his famous "I have a dream" speech to a crowd of 200,000 people/protesters for equal rights. Dr.King stood in front of the nation's capital and gave one of the most iconic speeches ever uttered. The march was successful in getting president Kenndy to sign the Civil Rights bill in Congress.
(https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/march-washington-jobs-and-freedom) -
The March to Washington was the most important event because it was where Dr.King gave his famous, "I have a dream" speech. This is one of the most famous and iconic speeches ever, the speech called for equality and to end racism. It was a turning point in the civil rights movent since it inspired JFK to put pressure on Congress to pass an act for civil rights. That's the second reason why it's so important, the following year the civils rights act was passed, thanks to the march on Washington. -
The Birmingham church bombing was when a bomb went off before Sunday morning church in Birmingham Church on 16th street. Why this church was bombed is because it's where a lot of African Americans went and it held many meetings for civil rights activists. There were 4 casualties with many others being injured, the 4 people that died were all black children. People were enraged by this, bringing attention to the civil rights movement.
https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/birmingham-church-bombing -
It was 1963, President Kenndy had been killed. He had pushed for an equal rights bill which he never got signed, but the next President, Lydon Johnson convinced Congress to pass a law stating that no one can be hated for their, gender, race, nationality, color, or religion. The bill was signed the next year in 1964.
(https://www.dol.gov/agencies/oasam/civil-rights-center/statutes/civil-rights-act-of-1964#:~:text=In%201964%2C%20Congress%20passed%20Public,hiring%2C%20promoting%2C%20and%20firing.) -
The Freedom Summers aka the Mississippi summer project was a protest organized by the CORE. They wanted to have more black voters in the Mississippi polls. About 700 whites joined the blacks during this fight and they were met with horrible things. Violence, bombings, murder, kidnappings, and torture were a few of the things they had to endure.
(https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-summer) -
What the black panthers did was they protected black people from getting hurt, they challenged police from hurting black people also and they confronted politicians. They also had a community service that provided food, clothing, and transportation.
(https://nmaahc.si.edu) -
The marches began on March 7, 1965. In Selma Alabama, 600 civil rights activists began a 52-mile march to Montgomery. The goal of the march was to end the discrimination against African Americans' voting rights. As John Lewis and Hosea Williams lead the protester over the Edmund Pettus Bridge, they were attacked by the Alabama state troopers with clubs and tear gas. 17 people lost there lives and many more were injured.
(https://abc7ny.com/bloody-sunday-1965-selma-march-john-lewis-voting-rights) -
This act stated that any discrimination in voting was illegal. Since it went angst what we fought for in the civil war and the rules we were meant to follow. This got rid of the literary tests that free black people had to take. The voting rights act was signed by our president at the time, Lyndon Johnson.
(https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act#:~:text=This%20act%20was%20signed%20into,as%20a%20prerequisite%20to%20voting.) -
The Watts Riots were violent exchanges between the people of Watts and the Los Angels police. The riots started on August 11, 1965, and lasted until August 16. The riots broke out after a black man named Marquette Frye was arrested for possible drunk driving and the cops used unreasonable force to arrest him. The rots killed 34 people overall.
(https://www.britannica.com/event/Watts-Riots-of-1965) -
The poor people's campaign was a march of protesters, fighting for social change at Wasinting D.C. This march wasn't just for African Americans, it was also Native Americans, Whites, and Hispanics marching for change. The march lasted from May 14th to June 24, 1968.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/Poor-Peoples-March) -
James Earl Ray waited for Dr.King outside of the hotel he was staying in while he was preparing for a march. James then proceed to shoot and killed him. This led to many acts of racial violence throughout the country, James was then sentenced to 99 years in prison.
(https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/assassination-martin-luther-king-jr) -
The Executive order was carried out on July 26, 1981. President Harry. S Truman signed a document that gave everyone the same chance to join the Armed Forces, before this order was established the military was very segregated. This established the President's Comite to give equal treatment to any black people who want to join the Armed Forces.
(https://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=726)