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The supreme court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. The court ruled that Congress lacked the power to ban slavery on the U.S. territories. -
The 13th amendment did not end slavery entirely, those enslaved in border states had not been freed. The amendment outlawed the practice of involuntary servitude and peonage. -
14th amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including formerly enslaved people, and guaranteed all citizens "equal protection of the laws" -
The 15th amendment would guarantee protection against racial discrimination in voting. Many women's rights activists objected to the proposed amendment because the protections would only apply to men. -
Segregation did not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination. -
United States Constitution prohibits the states from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recognizing the right of women to a vote. -
White primaries were primary elections held in the Southern United States in which only white voters were permitted to participate. -
A case rising in several states relating to the segregation of public schools on the basis of race. Violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment. -
The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously -
The 24th amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax. -
Known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual, without reference to income or resources. -
Expedited the hearing of voting cases before 3 judge courts and outlawed some of the tactics used to disqualify Negroes from voting in federal elections. -
Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Provisions of civil rights of 1964 act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing.
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The court held that the law's dissimilar treatment of men and women was unconstitutional. Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment -
It was designed to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in matters of divorce, property, employment, and other matters. -
Bakke's qualifications (college GPA and test scores) exceeded those of any of the minority students admitted in the two years Bakke's applications were rejected. Bakke contended, first in the California courts, then in the Supreme Court, that he was excluded from admission solely on the basis of race. -
Michael Hardwick was observed by a Georgia police officer while engaging in the act of consensual homosexual sodomy with another adult in the bedroom of his home. After being charged with violating a Georgia statute that criminalized sodomy, Hardwick challenged the statute's constitutionality in Federal District Court. -
A civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. Including employment, transportation, public accommodations. -
Lawrence and Garner were arrested and convicted of deviate sexual intercourse in violation of a Texas statute forbidding two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct. In affirming, the State Court of Appeals held that the statute was not unconstitutional under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. -
Tennessee to challenge the constitutionality of those states' bans on same-sex marriage or refusal to recognize legal same-sex marriages that occurred in jurisdictions that provided for such marriages.
