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strengthened racial segregation in public accommodations and services throughout the United States -
the first Black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps (AAC), a precursor of the U.S. Air Force -
when Rickey approached Jackie Robinson, baseball was being proposed as one of the first areas of American society to integrate -
“that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion or national origin.” In short, it was an end to racial segregation in the military -
separate law school facilities could not provide a legal education equal to that available at The University of Texas Law School -
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution -
Emmett Till's murder was a spark in the upsurge of activism and resistance that became known as the Civil Rights movement -
invigorated the struggle for racial equality when she refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama -
Governor Orval Faubus mobilized the Arkansas National Guard in an effort to prevent nine African American students from integrating the high school. Our site was the first major test of the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling that declared state laws establishing separate schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional -
forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing -
bringing the fight for civil rights to the national stage -
sought to test a 1960 decision by the Supreme Court in Boynton v. Virginia that segregation of interstate transportation facilities, including bus terminals, was unconstitutional as well -
the United States ratified the 24th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting any poll tax in elections for federal officials -
It took some 30,000 U.S. troops, federal marshals and national guardsmen to get James Meredith to class after a violent campus uprising. Two people were killed and more than 300 injured. Some historians say the integration of Ole Miss was the last battle of the Civil War -
President John F. Kennedy federalized National Guard troops and deployed them to the University of Alabama to force its desegregation -
King's “Dream” speech would play an important role in helping pass the 1964 Civil Rights Act, and the pivotal Selma to Montgomery march that he led in 1965 would provide momentum for the passage later that year of the Voting Rights Act -
President's support for an end to segregation proved a turning point -
Provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex, as well as, race in hiring, promoting, and firing -
He urged his fellow Black Americans to protect themselves against white aggression “by any means necessary,” a stance that often put him at odds with the nonviolent teachings of Martin Luther King, Jr -
The historic march, and Martin Luther King Jr.'s participation in it, raised awareness of the difficulties faced by Black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act -
It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. This “act to enforce the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution” was signed into law 95 years after the amendment was ratified -
His assassination led to an outpouring of anger among Black Americans, as well as a period of national mourning that helped speed the way for an equal housing bill that would be the last significant legislative achievement of the civil rights era. -
prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex.