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13th 14th and 15th Amendments
• These Amendments are called the Reconstruction Amendments.
• Created right after the Civil War and freed the slaves.
• Gave black men equal protection under the law (1868), citizenship (1868), and the right to vote (1870). -
Tuskegee Institute Created
• Historically black institute
• Formed by Booker T. Washington and Lewis Adams -
Plessy v Ferguson
• Legalized "separate but equal" laws.
• Allowed all the segregation laws to be created -
NAACP created
• The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought for the rights of African Americans.
• Created by W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimké, Mary Church Terrell, Henry Moskowitz, Mary White Ovington, and William English Walling -
Rosa Parks
• Rosa Parks was a civil rights activist who is most known for her role in the Montgomery bus boycott.
• Called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement" by The United States Congress. -
19th Amendment
• This amendment gave women the right to vote.
• Denied anyone from allowing someone to vote on the basis of sex -
(ERA) Equal Rights Amendment proposed & defeated
• Would provide legal equality and prohibit discrimination between the two sexes
• Defeated by congress and the senate until the 1970s. -
Cesar Chavez
• Caesar Chaves was a Latino civil rights activist and labor leader.
• Founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which later merged to become the United Farm Workers (UFW) union. -
LULAC formed
• The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) is an organization that fights to end ethnic discrimination against Latinos in the United States.
• It is the largest and oldest Hispanic Organization in the United States.
• The organization was founded by Hispanic WWI veterans such as Maria L. de Hernández, Pedro Hernandez Barrera. -
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Chicano Movement
• The movement was focused on achieving the goal of Mexican American empowerment.
• Created many murals on the sides of buildings that depicted Mexican-American culture in what was known as the mural movement. -
Truman’s desegregation of the military
• Also called Executive Order 9981.
• Equality for treatment and opportunity was given to all people in the armed forces. -
Brown v Board of Education
• Reversed the ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson that allowed "separate but equal" laws
• Outlawed segregation in schools -
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat to a white person. This was the spark that started the bus boycott.
• About 40,000 people boycotted the busses.
• Segregated busses were deemed unlawful on June 5, 1956 -
SCLC formed
• The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) played a huge part in the Civil Rights Movement.
• Set up many of the protests and other events.
• Founded by Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth, Bayard Rustin, and Joseph Lowery. -
Little Rock 9
• Group of nine students that enrolled in the first desegregated school in 1957.
• Arkansas governor Orval Faubus defied the Supreme Court's decision and didn't allow the students to enter the school.
• President Eisenhower eventually sent in 1,200 members of the U.S. Army’s 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell, Kentucky to escort the students. -
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Greensboro, NC Sit-in’s
• Started when four African American students sat at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and refused to leave after being denied service.
• The sit in's spread to many college towns in the south
• Other students would take your place if you had to go to a class. -
Affirmative Action
• Government employers couldn't discriminate against any employee based on race, creed, color, or national origin.
• Still a controversial law because many people argue it forces employers to hire less able workers. -
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Freedom Riders
• Civil rights activists who rode busses to protest cities not enforcing the law that made segregated busses illegal.
• Protesters were attacked many times and a few of the busses had bombs thrown in them. -
Dr. King’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”
• An open letter addressed to clergymen that criticized Dr. King and the SCLC's actions in Birmingham.
• His letter defends his position on nonviolently advocating for the end of racism. -
March on Washington – “I have a Dream Speech”
• Martin Luther King Jr.'s most famous speech where he calls for civil rights and the end of racism.
• There were over 250,000 attendees of many races and the speech was televised. -
24th Amendment
• Outlawed the poll tax
• People who could not previously afford to vote were now able to -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• This act outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex, skin color, race, religion, or national origin.
• Made all forms of segregation illegal. -
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March from Selma, Alabama
• 600 protesters planned to march 50 miles from Selma to Montgomery Alabama.
• On the first day, March 7th, many of the protesters were attacked by police with tear gas and nightsticks.
• The march started again on March 21st with federal guards.
• On the last day, March 25th, the amount of demonstrators grew to about 25,000. -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Outlawed literacy tests and the grandfather clause
• Made it where no barriers could be put in the way to stop anyone from voting -
NOW formed
• The National Organization for Women (NOW) is a feminist organization that fights for gender equality.
• Founded by 28 women at the Third National Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women. -
Black Panthers
• The Black Panthers fought against racism and police brutality in a more militaristic way. They believed that they should defend themselves if necessary.
• They were involved in many fatal firefights with police.
• Founded by Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale, and Elbert Howard in Oakland, California. -
American Indian Movement
• Created to address issues of poverty and police brutality on Native Americans.
• Still around today and continue to advocate for indigenous American interests. -
MLK assassinated
• Martin Luther King Jr. was shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee by James Earl Ray.
• King was 39 years old. -
Title IX
• Prohibits discrimination in any federally funded education program or activity on the basis of sex
• Very controversial law that has had a lot of unforeseen consequences.
• Many colleges simply dropped mens athletics to make it equal and many female scholarships go unused.