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White Primary is abolished in GA
The White Primary was established so blacks could not vote in primary elections. In Georgia, the primary elections were the elections that really decided who was elected because Georgia was a one-party state at this time. Even though blacks voted in the general election, it had no affect because the winner of the election was really selected by the primary elections. The White Primary was ruled unconstitutional in the case of King vs. Chapman, and in 1946, was abolished. -
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Period: to
Civil Rights Movement
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Integration of the Armed Forces.
Signed by President Harry Truman in 1948, Executive Order 9981 was signed to establish the integration of all armed forces. This was one of the first significant events in the Civil Rights Movement.
Info - http://tw0.us/Yf
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Brown vs Board of Education
Those involved in the case were the Brown family, the NAACP, or the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Topeka Board of Education. The results were that segregation in schools was ruled unconstitutional, and the laws established from the Plessy vs. Ferguson case were abolished.
Info - http://tw0.us/Yh
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Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Park and many other members of the NAACP were apart of the Bus Boycott. They were protesting against the laws that forced blacks to sit in the back of the bus and make them give up their seats for whites. The results of the Boycott were that the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of public buses was illegal.
Info - http://tw0.us/Uj
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Change to Georgia's State Flag
In 1955, Attorney John Sammons Bell thought that the state flag should be altered. Jefferson Lee Davis and Willis Harden esablished Senate Bill 98 in 1956, to change the state flag. It was signed on Feb. 13, 1956, and put into effect later in July of that year.
The flag was changed to resemble the Confederate battle flag. The flag was said to represent the Civil War centennial that was in the near future, and it was said to represent Georgia being against integration and blacks civil rights. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
The Little Rock Nine were the first black students enrolled at Central High School. The integration of the school caused the crisis. At first, they were denied access to the school because the Governor of Arkansas ordered the Arkansas National Guard to not allow them to enter the school. Once President Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne Division to escort the nine students into the high school; they attended their first day of school. While at school they were frequently harassed and abused. -
Crisis at Central High School and the "Little Rock Nine"
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Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in ATL Bombed
A group of white supremacists, called the National States' Rights Party, bombed the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation. The explosion included about 50 sticks of dynamite that were detonated. The Hebrew Benevolent Congregation was targeted becasue the group of white supremacists hated Jews, and the temple was one of Atlanta's oldest and richest synagogues.
Info - http://tw0.us/Sc
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Sibley Commission
The Sibley Commission was invented by John Sibley to find out Georgia residents' views on integration in school systems in Georgia. The discovered results of the Commission were that most Georgians would rather shut down certain school systems than integrate them.
Info - http://tw0.us/Ti
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Integration of UGA
The two main students involved in the integration of UGA were Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter. For a little over a year, the University kept on denying these students their entry into the school. Once they were allowed to attend school at the University; they were widely hated.
After a riot, the Dean of Students told the students he was suspending them from the University, but a court order allowed them to be enrolled at the school again. They eventually graduated from UGA in 1963. -
Freedom Rides
Those involved were members and volunteers of the C.O.R.E or the Congress of Racial Equality. Their objective was to get public transportation in the South integrated. Eventually, the rides resulted in the Interstate Commerce Commission establishing rules that made it illegal to segregate public transportation.
Info - http://tw0.us/Tj
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Albany Movement
This event happened in the city of Albany, GA. Those who originally came up with the idea of the movement were Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) workers Charles Sherrod, Cordell Reagon, and Charles Jones. They were protesting against the segregation of the city. The majority of those who protested were arrested and jailed. Some considered this movement successful and some considered it a failure.
Info - http://tw0.us/Uy
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Birmingham, Alabama Protests
Those involved were the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights led by Fred Shuttlesworth and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference led by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. They were protesting to get Birmingham and other cities nationwide desegregated. Many protesters were jailed; in larger crowds, protesters were shot with hoses and attacked by police dogs. The protests were successful and are considered the climax of the Civil Rights Movement.
Info: http://tw0.us/Uf
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March on Washington DC
Those involved in the March were 250,000+ members of the following organizations: the CORE led by James Farmer, the SCLC led by Martin Luther King, Jr, the SNCC led by John Lewis, the BSCP led by A. Philip Randolph, the NAACP led by Roy Wilkins, and the NUL led by Whitney Young, Jr. They were protesting for the abolishment of segregation in schools, the safety of protesters from police cruelty, programs to create jobs for blacks, laws that present racial discrimination in job hiring, -
March on Washington DC
a 2 dollar per hour minimum wage, and for self government in D.C.
Info - http://tw0.us/V0
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16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham Bombed
Involved in the bombing was Robert Chambliss, a member of the KKK. They targeted the church because that was a common meeting place for many popular civil rights leaders. The results of the bombing were the deaths of the following four black youths: Denise McNair, Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, and Cynthia Wesley.
Info - http://tw0.us/V1
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John F. Kennedy assassinated
Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated the President in Dallas, Texas. He used an Italian Carcano M91/38 bolt-action rifle to fire multiple shots at the unguarded car of the President. He was successful in killing the President, and he severely injured Governor Connally, the governor of Texas.
Info - http://tw0.us/Wd
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Civil Rights Act 1964 passed
The laws established by this act were that racial discrimination was made illegal in public places. Also, employers had to provide equal job oppurtunities to both whites and blacks. This law signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Info - http://tw0.us/X0
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Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed
President Lyndon B. Johnson signed this act into effect. This act completely enforced the 15th Amendment of the Constitution. It eliminated the racial discrimination in voting practices, which granted all blacks the right to vote.
Info - http://tw0.us/V4
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Summerhill Race Riot (Atlanta)
A four day riot broke out due to a unofficial report of police brutality. The SNCC, led by Stokely Carmichael, were blamed with inciting the riot. The results of the riot were a single death and about 20+ people were injured. This riot still proved that blacks had some frustration with laws dealing with segregation and civil rights.
Info - http://tw0.us/Y4
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MLK assassinated
Standing on the second floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee at 6:01 P.M., MLK was hit by a bullet fired by James Earl Ray. He was pronounced dead later in the day at 7:05 P.M. Many cities rioted after the assassination, but Atlanta, with the help of MLK's family and the SCLC, planned his funeral.
Info - http://tw0.us/YH
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All GA Schools Integrated
Even though the laws established by the case of Brown vs. Board of Education in 1954, were to abolish segregation in public schools Georgia resisted integrating its schools. Eventually, the federal government threatened to cut off all funds provided for schools in Georgia, so in 1971, all Georgia schools were integrated.
Info - http://tw0.us/SX
Pic - http://tw0.us/YY
