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13th Amendment
It stated "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." This meant that slavery was no more. This didn't make African Americans free though. -
Black Codes
Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866. These codes were used to restrict African Americans rights after the Civil War. One code made blacks work a lot with low payment. -
Black Panthers
The Panthers practiced militant self defense of minority communities against the U.S. government. They thought that te races should be divided to cause less problems. They were non violent and only fought in self defense -
14th Amendment
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States -
Sharecropping/ Tenant Farmining
After the Civil War, plantation owners were unable to farm their land. They did not have slaves or money to pay a free labor force. Sharecropping developed a system that could benefit plantation owners and former slaves. -
Plessy V. Ferguson
Plessey V. Ferguson case involved segregated train facilities in Louisiana. The court ruled that "separate but equal" did not violate 14th's amendments protection rights. This caused whites and blacks to have different water fountains to drink from and things like tha. -
Emmett Till
Emmett Till was a 14 year old boy who was beaten to death by 2 white men. Till's mother took this to court and lost. This caused outrage and sparked the civil rights movement. -
Hector P. Garcia
Hector founded the American GI Forum, organizing veterans to fight for educational and medical benefits, and then against poll taxes and school segregation. He was a member of the Greatest Generation. García sought the inclusion of Mexican Americans into mainstream America. -
CORE
CORE launched voter registration drives for African Americans. It became one of the leading organizations of the civil rights movement. It helped test segregation laws in the south. -
Stokely Carmicheal
He was a U.S. civil-rights activist who created the slogan “black power.” The joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and was jailed for his work with Freedom Riders. He then later went to self defense instead of non violence. -
Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall was chief legal counsel for NAACP. He also won the Brown V. Board case which invalidated state enforced racial segregations in public schools. He made the segregation of whites and blacks illegal.He argued in 32 cases, and won 29 of them. -
Brown V. Board of Education
Brown V. Board of Education overturned provisions of the Plessy v. Ferguson. This ended federal tolerance racial segregation. Which caused a spark to start the American Rights movement. -
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks sparked the civil rights movement by refusing to give up her seat on a bus, to a white person. Because of this, the local black community organized a boycott, until the Supreme Court said that the bus segregation was unconstitutional. She was looked as a symbol of strength and dignity that helped end segregation. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
When African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, This went on for about a year until the buses let black people sit anywhere. Martin Luther King Jr was a prominent national leader of the American civil rights movement in the wake of the action. -
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine were a group of kids that attended an all white school. They were all black and going to school for them was very hard for them cause of bullying. 8 of them ended up graduating, and this encouraged people to have more integrated schools. -
SCLC
It was created during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Their first president was Martin Luther King Jr. Their purpose was to advance the civil rights movement in a non violent manner. -
Orval Faubus
Orval ordered the National Guard to block the admission of nine black students to Central High School. His justification was that violence threatened and he had to preserve the peace. A federal judge ordered the guardsmen removed. -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
The Civil Rights act of 1957 finally let all citizens the right to vote no matter the race. The Civil Rights Act of 1957 signaled a growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights. -
Sit-ins
The Greensboro sit-ins were non violent protests in Greensboro, North Carolina. The protests led the Woolworth store chain ending its policy of racial segregation in its stores in the southern US. Black people would sit down in a store where they were not served, they sat there until the store changed their laws and let black people eat there -
Lynching
Lynchings were becoming a popular way of resolving some of the anger that whites had towards the free blacks. White people would kill and hang black people for the rest to see.It is referred to as the "Black Holocaust" in the south. -
Affirmative Action
President Kennedy was the first to use the term in an Executive Order that directed government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed." He also said that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, color, or national origin. -
Freedom Riders
The Freedom Riders were deliberately violating Jim Crow laws in order to test segregated interstate travel system. The Freedom Riders endured bitter racism and mob violence along the way. Testing their belief in nonviolent activism. -
Cesar Chavez
Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962. Chavez drew attention for his causes through boycott. He was able to secure raises and improve conditions for farm workers in California, Texas, Arizona and Florida. -
Ole Miss Intergration
People rioted on the campus of the University of Mississippi in Oxford. Committed segregationists and lots of people had gathered to protest the enrollment of James Meredith.Who was a black Air Force veteran attempting to integrate the all white school. -
Betty Freidan
Betty Friedan helped advance the women’s rights movement as one of the founders of the National Organization for Women. Betty 's book "The Femine Mystique" explored the idea of women finding personal fulfillment outside of their traditional roles. She helped get the support of more women to get more rights for themselves. -
March on Washington
The March on Washington was where MLK gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. A quarter million people converged on the nation's capital to demand civil rights for African-Americans. All types of races came together to here MLK give his speech.. -
U of Alabama Integration
When African American students attempted to desegregate the University of Alabama in June 1963. Alabama's new governor, flanked by state troopers, blocked the door of the enrollment office. -
Non-Violent Protest
Non violent protesting was a major part of the Civil Rights movement. It lasted for nearly 10 years for 1950 thru 1960. This caused new laws to be made and led to rights for African Americans. -
George Wallace
George Wallace was an Alabama governor in 1963. He promised that there will be segregation forever. He gave speeches to try to stop integration, but had give in and let African American become students. -
Martin Luther King Jr
MLK was a baptist minister, he fought to end segregation between blacks and whites. He used non violent resistance, and in 1964 he got the Nobel Peace Prize. MLK helped bring about such landmark legislation as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -
Desegregation
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination. On the basis of race, color, religion. It is considered one of the major achievements of the civil rights movement. -
Civil Rights act of 1964
The Civil Rights act of 1964 was a law in the United States that outlaws discrimination. Based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It brought equality at last to African Americans. -
Jim Crow Laws
The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were made in different states between 1876 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a legal basis for segregating against African Americans. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. -
Lester Maddox
Lester Maddox didn't want his restaurant to be integrated. He closed the restaurant because he didn't want to serve blacks. Maddox became an ugly symbol for redneck racism. He became governor, and helped black people by doing things for them, when people thought he would do the opposite. -
Voting Rights of 1965
An act that makes the United States prohibit racial discrimination in voting. Its considered among the most far reaching pieces of civil rights legislation in U.S. history. -
Watts Riots
Marquette Frye who was young African American motorist, was pulled over and arrested by Lee Minikus, a white California Highway Patrolman. For suspicion of driving while drunk. This caused a riot between blacks and police, blacks went on Watts Street and caused tons of property damage for 6 days. -
Civil Disobedience
Civil rights activists used nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to make a change. It worked and we got rights like the voting rights act. MLK and other leaders like him used civil disobedience. -
15th Amendment
it stated "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." This meant that no matter the race, everyone would be able to vote. -
Title IX
This meant that there shall be no discrimination due to gender at school. Also it provided schools with more money to help educate everyone. The government will help pay for school things.
