-
Plessy v. Ferguson
http://bit.ly/1uuLcJp
Louisiana's separate car act required railroads to provide equal but separate accommodations between whites and African Americans. Plessy refused to sit or ride on the train for African Americans, He was arrested and charged for violating the separate car act. Judge John H Ferguson said the the act was unconstitutional. After the ruling the Supreme Court granted certioral. -
Congress of Radical Equality(CORE)
http://bit.ly/2nCak4H
They wanted to take a non-violent approach to fighting racial segregation. They launched a series of initiatives the Freedom Rides, aimed to desegregating public facilities. CORE organized the first Freedom Ride. They focused on Florida, louisnana, and South Carolina. CORE continued to press justice for African Americans and also rising antiwar movement. -
Sweatt v. Painter
http://bit.ly/2nfUytg Sweatt was a young African American who delivered mail. He applied to the University of Texas School of Law. Without even looking at his application, they denied admission because of his race. He would have to attend the University of Texas School of law for Negros. It was suppose to be equal to the other law school but it wasn't even close. Sweatt and his lawyer took them to court about the situation. The court sided with Sweatt saying that the schools were not equal. -
Jackie Roberson
http://bit.ly/1n14iFE Being the first African American to play in the major league, he changed the face of major league baseball. Even though he was bullied and even shunned by fans and teammates, he didn't let that stop him. He was forced to stay in different hotels and use different facilities while on the road. He opened the door for many other African Americans. During the first 5 years more then 150 African Americans signed with a team. -
Brown v. Board of Education
http://bit.ly/1nzUME6
The courts decision overturned provisions of Plessy v. Ferguson decision that allowed separate but equal public facilities. This helped break the pack of the state-sponsored segregation. This also helped spark the American Civil Rights Movement. The decision was unanimous. It ended the tolerance of racial segregation. -
Medger Evers
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/medgar-evers
Medger Evers, at the age of 28, quit working the insurance business and applied for the University of Mississippi Law School. He was denied admission, making his effort to integrate the state’s oldest public educational institution unsuccessful. He had worked on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and his denied admission caught the association’s attention. He was killed in June, 1963. -
Period: to
Montgomery Bus Boycott
http://bit.ly/1ymBgQq
This event was were African Americans refused to ride city buses on Montgomery Alabama. It was required for African Americans to sit in the back of the bus and give up their seats to whites if the front of the bus was full. On December 1, 1955. Josa Parks refused to give her seat to a white person. After 381 days, the boycott had ended. The court had ruled that any law that segregated seating on buses violated the 14th Amendment. -
The Southern Manifesto
http://bit.ly/2ngf3WC
Howard Smith had collaborated with senators to develop the manifesto. He presented it in his speech. The Southern Manifesto was signed by 82 representatives and 19 senators. The Manifesto attached Brown. It urged southerns to prevent and ignore all the chaos the would up spring from school desegregation. Some members rose to applaud but no one rose do talk negatively about it. -
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
http://bit.ly/2g8KE
The SCLC was designed to help give more freedom and voice to young African Americans. Their goal was to advance the causes of the civil rights movement in a non violent way. This idea came mostly from the church. The SCLC assisted black Americans in registering to vote and it opened citizenship schools. They did all of their work in a non violent way. -
Little Rock- Central High School
http://bit.ly/1ufa8Cs Also known as " Little Rock Nine", was one of the big starts to allowing whits and African Americans to attend the same school and class together. on September 4th the governor of Arkansas had the National Guard to prevent blacks from entering the school. But on September 25th President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent in federal troops to escort the 9 black students inside the school. This was a factor in the plan to end segregation. -
Greensboro Sit-in
http://bit.ly/1MP3Fql
Blair, Richmond, McCain and McNeil had a plan to protest. But they needed help to put their plan into action so the asked Ralph Johns, a white man. In downtown Greensboro, the policy was to refuse business to anyone who was not white. The four men refused to move from their seats. Ralph had contacted the media to have the protest on tv. Each day the men came back but with more and more blacks to help with the protest. The protest was a success, and they were served. -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
http://bit.ly/2g8KEXt This group was formed because they wanted blacks to have more of a voice during the civil rights movement. They played a large role in the Freedom Rides. In 1966, Stokely Carmichael was elected head of SNCC. He drew attention to the blacks in the inner cities. "Violent is as American as cherry pie." ONe of the aims was to stop segregation on buses and transportation. -
"Freedom Rides"
http://bit.ly/1vgaxE1 "Freedom Rides" was started by 13 African Americans and white civil rights activists. They took bus rides through the South to protest segregation. On their trips the African Americans tried their hardest to use "Whites Only" facilities; bathrooms, etc. Its not rocket science to figure out that there was a ton a violence that broke out because if this. In 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission stated that segregation would be prohibited on transportation facilities. -
James Meredith
http://bit.ly/2o5BPmZ & http://bit.ly/2ocydQB He was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi. It was not an easy ride at all. He didn't get in right away, he was rejected twice until the Fifth Judicial Circuit Court helped him. He stared a "March Against Fear" This adventure made him put his life on the line. Shortly after he was shot but serviced. This was beneficial to others to see that segregation is not okay. -
"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
http://bit.ly/2nnE5U3
Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested on June 12, 1963. He was held for 24 hours and was not allowed contact with anyone, including a lawyer. When he was finally allowed contact with others he came across a letter published in the newspaper. The letter called the political meeting King Jr. had been arrested for “unwise” and was criticizing what King Jr. had done. In response, King Jr. wrote his own letter and it became publically known as the “Letter from Birmingham jail”. -
March on Washington
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/march-on-washington
200,000 Americans gathered in Washington, D.C., for a political rally for jobs and freedom. It was organized to shed light on the continuous political and social challenges that African Americans faced. This march was were Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. The march was an unprecedented success and the phrase “I Have a Dream” became an expression of the highest aspirations of the civil rights movement. -
Bombing of Birmingham Church
http://bit.ly/1CwahtD
After the March on Washington, the segregated South had high inequality and violence. On Sunday of September 15,1963 a bomb exploded before morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama–a church with a predominantly black congregation that served as a meeting place for civil rights leaders. Four young girls died and many were injured. Martin Luther King Jr. spoke at the girls’ funerals and added fuel to the outrage sparking across the nation. -
Mississippi Freedom Summer
http://bit.ly/1jCdm18
Civil rights organizations organized a voter registration drive, known as the Mississippi Summer Project, or Freedom Summer, aimed at increasing voter registration in Mississippi. During this time one African American student and two white students (all male) disappeared. The murders deepened the division between those in the civil rights movement who still believed in integration and nonviolence and others, especially young African Americans. -
Twenty-fourth Amendment
http://bit.ly/2o6rvLI
"The right of citizens of the U.S. to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax." The poll tax was created to stop poor African Americans from voting. It was abolished in 1964 so African-Americans could vote without federal struggle. -
Civil Rights Act passed
http://bit.ly/1udSFsU
First proposed by President John F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement. The Act was expanded to help improve or create new Acts to help African Americans. Racism was far from over was legal segregated was finally shut down. -
Malcolm X assassinated
http://bit.ly/1lATEnS
Born in Nebraska 1925, Malcolm "X" was a religious leader and a human rights activist. In 1946 Malcolm went to prison for 6 year for a burglary conviction, prison is where he joined the Nation of Islam and became a Black Muslim. He became a speaker for Islam...and the Civil Rights Movement, that got his kicked out of the Nation of Islam. He made the Organization of Afro-American Unity in 1964. He was shot to death by Nation of Islam members at his own rally. -
Period: to
Selma to Montgomery March
http://bit.ly/1nGD5oz
In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) had protesters march from Selma, AL to the state's capital of Montgomery. While marching they were met with violent resistance by state and local authorities. After walking for three days (under the protection of federalized National Guard troops) the protesters achieved their goal. Led by King Jr., 2,000 people set off on March 21st in Selma and made it to Montgomery by March 25th. -
Voting Rights Act approved
http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/voting-rights-act
The Voting Rights Act, signed by President Lyndon Johnson aimed to overcome legal barriers at state, and local, levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote. The act make literacy tests for voters illegal and allowed the government to investigate any poll tax claims. The act increased the voting turn out in the South; the number of African Americans who showed up to vote increased by 53% in 5 years. -
Black Panthers
http://bit.ly/2keqUUA
Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (later shortening it to the Black Panther Party) after the assassination of Malcolm X. The party set out to be different than other African American cultural nationalist organizations. Where other groups generally regarded all whites as oppressors, the Black Panther Party distinguished between racist and non-racist whites and allied themselves with progressive members of the latter group. -
King assassinated
http://bit.ly/1v0B75e
The nation shock when Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His powerful words and non-violent tactics made his famous. He was shot by a sniper the evening of April 4, 1968; within an hour he was pronounced dead at age 39. After King's death President Johnson called on Congress to speedily pass the civil rights legislation, he signed the Civil Right Act a week after the death, he wanted to respect King's legacy and life's work.
