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Plessy v. Ferguson
Louisiana enacted a law to separate whites and blacks on trains. Homer Plessy a seven-eighths Caucasian man sat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. When he refused to move to the designated "black" car he was arrested. The petitioner was Plessy and the respondant was John Ferguson.
<a href='' >https://www.oyez.org/cases/1850-1900/163us537</a> -
Congress of Racial Equality
The CORE is a U.S. equality corporation that played a major role in civil rights for African Americans. CORE launched many initiaitves including the Freedom Rides. The CORE's main goal was desegregation. CORE imbraced pacifistic, non-violent demonstrations.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/congress-of-racial-equality</a> -
Jackie Robinson
Robinson was the first to break baseball's racial barrier. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers and was the only African American in the league. He won the National League Rookie of the Year Award his first season and helped the Dodgers to the championships. His position in baseball helped pave the way for civil rights.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson</a> -
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Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement was one of the most infulential movements in the United States of America, as it was a fight against discrimination against minorities. Many activist were killed throughout the movement but in the end rights were given to minorities. -
Sweatt v. Painter
Heman Sweatt was the petitioner and Theophilis Painter is the respondent. The case was decided by Vinson Court. In 1946 Sweatt, a black man, applied to the University of Texas Law School and was automatically rejected because it was by law a "white only" school. When he brought it to court the university tried to provide separate but equal facilites.
<a href='' >https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/339us629</a> -
Brown v. Board of Education
Brown, a young black girl, wanted to go to a white school closer to her home but wasn't allowed. So she took it to court. Racial discrimination in public education was declared unconstitutional and this case paved they wave for desegregation in public schools.
<a href='' >https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483</a> -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks, an elderly black woman, sat in the first row of the "Colored" section of a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama when the bus started to fill with white people. Typically when the "White" section fills up they force the black people to move out of their seats. When Parks was told to get up she refused and later was arrested because she didn't move. Her sitting soon started a revolution.
<a href='' >http://www.ushistory.org/us/54b.asp</a> -
"The Southern Manifesto"
"The Southern Manifesto" was a resoultion condemning the decision in Brown v. Board of education, signed by 19 Senators and 77 members fo the House of Representatives. It said the decision was " a clear abuse fo judicial power" and it encouraged staying segregated.
<a href='' >http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/sources_document2.html</a> -
Little Rock- Central HIgh School
Because of the Brown v. Board of Education case, public schooling was to be integrated, this started with the Little Rock Nine. Nine students were to attend Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The teens were treated horribly by the croud and the security that was there. But this horrible experiance was the start of integrating.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/central-high-school-integration</a> -
Period: to
Little Rock Nine
The Little Rock Nine was a group of children who started the integration of public schools. Only three of the nine graduated.
<a href='' >http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=723</a> -
Greensboro Sit-in
The sit-ins were a non-violent demonstration in which African Americans students would sit in segregated establishments. They were often arrested for trespassing. The movment still spread to many college towns throughout North Carolina.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/the-greensboro-sit-in</a> -
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
was formed to give younger African Americans more of a voice in the civil rights movment. The group became one of the more radical civil rights groups. This group thought that King was out of touch with the younger blacks who wanted the civil rights movement to go faster.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sncc</a>SNCC -
"Freedom Rides"
Freedom Rides were bus trips made to parts of the southern U.S. That's goal was to further engage people in efforts to integrate the public. Freedom Riders were often attacked by angry whites and received very little protection from federal officers.
<a href='' >http://www.dictionary.com/browse/freedom--riders?s=t</a> -
"Letter from Birmingham Jail"
"Letter from Birmingham Jail" was a letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. when he was arrested in Birmingham for a peaceful demonstration. It was a response to the concern of the white religous leaders in the area.
<a href='' >http://www.uscrossier.org/pullias/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/king.pdf</a> -
Medgar Evers
Evers was an American civil rights activist who worked to integrate the University of Mississippi. He wanted to gain social justice. He became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s. He organized many demonstrations and boycotts of establishments that discriminated.
<a href='' >http://www.biography.com/people/medgar-evers-9542324</a> -
March on Washington
March On Washington was one of the largest political rallies for civil rights in United States history that wanted civil and economic rights for African Americans. It was a gathering of more than 200,000 interracial people at the Lincoln Memorial. The crowd was brought us with King's "I Have A Dream" speech, a speech that still has an impact today.
<a href='' >http://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Washington</a> -
Bombing of Birmingham Church
The bombing of the Baptist Church was the third bombing in 11 days, after the government ordered the integration of Alabama’s school system. It was a KKK bombing that killed around 4 people and 20 injured.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/birmingham-church-bombing</a> -
Twenty-fourth amendment
The Twenty-fourth amendment abolished poll taxes. Poll taxes was one of the last ways to keep minorities from voting. This was just another way the government helped fix the mess slavery and discrimination caused.
<a href='' >http://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/amendments/amendment-xxiv</a> -
Malcom X Assassinated
Malcom X was assassinated by rival black muslims while he was giving an Afro- American Unity speech. Like King, Malcom was a civil rights activist and wanted equality but he believed that African Americans should protect themselves by "any means necessary."
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/malcolm-x-assassinated</a> -
Selma to Montgomery March
King led another peaceful demontration. About 2,000 people left for Selma. President Johnson ordered protection for them. After walking 12 hours a day and sleeping in fields along the way, they reached Montgomery on March 25.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/selma-montgomery-march</a> -
Civil rights act passed
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was federal law that okayed federal action against segregation in public facilities, accommodations, and employment. This law came at a high point in the civil rights movement. President Johnson even persuaded many opposing congress members to support the law.
<a href='' >http://www.dictionary.com/browse/civil-rights-act-of-1964</a> -
Mississippi Freedom Summer
The Mississippi Freedom Summer was a volunteer campaign in the United States used to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi. It was an effort supported by SNCC and CORE. Mississippi was chosen for the project because it had the least amount of African Americans registeered to vote.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/freedom-summer</a> -
Voting Rights Act Approved
This Act was a law that was passed during the civil rights movement. It eliminated discrimintive barriers for voting such as literacy tests, that had been used to restrict voting by black people. It made sure that anyone of age could vote regardless of circumstantial problems.
<a href='' >http://www.dictionary.com/browse/voting-rights-act-of-1965</a> -
James Meredith
James Meredith was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi and civil rights activist. He was shot by a sniper after beginning a civil rights march through the South.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/james-meredith-shot</a> -
Black Panthers
The Black Panthers was founded in Oakland, California. The group set up patrols in Black communities to protect from police brutality. The Black Panthers supported the Black Power movement. The Black Power movement stressed racial dignity and self-reliance.
<a href='' >http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/black-panther-party-founded</a> -
King Assassinated
King was assassinated in Memphis, Tennesee. He was staying in the Lorraine Motel then a sniper’s bullet hit him in the neck. His death angered many civil rights activist and a national day of mourning was had. His death did however expedited the civil rights act.
<a href='' >http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/martin-luther-king-jr-assassination</a>
