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little rock nine
The little black nine were nine African American students enrolled in what used to be an all white school at Central High School in Arkansas. Their names were Melba Pattillo, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Minnijean Brown, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Jefferson Thomas, Gloria Ray, and Thelma Mothershed. Many whites stood outside protesting. -
brown vs board of education of topeka
Brown had been denied by the school district and did not let her attend a “white only” school. Which lead to Brown sueing the school district. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional -
montgomery bus boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. In November the US Supreme court declared that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. -
sit-ins
were a form of civil disobedience and form of protest that did not involve violence. The purpose was to enter whites only lunch counter, sit quietly and wait to be served. Slowly, restaurants throughout the South began to abandon their policies of segregation. Helped lead up to the Civil Rights act in 1964. -
freedom riders
The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which declared segregation in interstate bus and rail stations unconstitutional. This lead to much violence. -
birmingham demonstration
The Birmingham demonstrations were with violent attacks using high-pressure fire hoses and police dogs on men, women and children alike. It is considered one of the major turning points in the Civil Rights Movement. Trying to protest they were stopped by police officers with fire hoses and police dogs. -
march on washington
The March on Washington was held in Washington, D.C.for jobs and freedom. There were over 200,000 to 300,000 people who participated. This was where Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous speech ¨I have a dream...¨. This march is remembered as one of the largest political rallies in history. Successfully pressured President John F. Kennedy to start a federal civil rights bill in Congress.