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Martin Luther wrote and published the Ninety-Five Theses -
The New Testatment was translated into English by William Tyndale -
Defined the right of Henry VIII to be supreme head of the Church of England -
The monasteries dissolution process was interrupted by rebellions in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
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English bible was allowed (instead of a Latin one) and soon made mandatory in every Church -
Edward VI died at the age of 15 from tuberculosis
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Was allowed under the reign of Edward VI thanks to the revision of the mass-book -
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Mary I restored Catholicism in 18 months -
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Legislation stating that :
- every parish had to use the book of common prayer
- people who did not attend an anligan service were fined -
Queen Elizabeth wished to create a new moderate religious settlement derived from her father's (Henry the VIII) with both catholic and protestant ideas -
Legislation of Elizabeth the first which made her « superme governor of the church of england »
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3 important changes :
- new ecclisiology (conception of the church)
- new doctrine of Salvation (how we can be sent to heaven)
- new definition of sacraments and of the mass -
Rebellion against religious reforms
Attempt to replace E. by Mary Queen of Scots
Led by the earls of Westmorland and Northumberland -
A violent text which excommunicated Elizabeth I -
made it treason for anyone to say that Elizabeth was not the true Queen of England and Wales
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- provided death penalty for any catholic prsn
- prohibited to participate to a catholic mass
- 163 catholics were killed in 26y (1577-1603)
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A plot made by young catholics to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots -
Mary Queen of Scots was executed after many years of imprisonment (19y) because of the Babington plot -
King of Spain (involved in several plots against E.) attempted to invade England but failed, England was victorious -
- son of Mary Queen of Scots
- Both King of England (James I) and King of Scotland (James VI)
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a plot devised by a small group of Catholics to blow up Parliament and kill James I -
- James I attempted to introduce the "Great Contract" : he would receive a fixed sum by parliarment
MPs refused and Parliarment was dissmised -
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- favoured arminians
- was EXECUTED
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Petition made by MPs, basically to get Charles I to recognise that there were limits to his powers
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Mps passed a law that declared that was considered enemy of the kingdom :
- whoever tried to bring in “Popery or Arminianism” / to alter the protestant forms of the Church of England
- whoever advised the King to collect custom duties without Parliament’s consent -
- 11 y when the King ruled without a parliament
- called “The Eleven Years Tyranny”
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rebelion of the Scottish against Charles I because he attempted to draw the Church of Scotland (Calvinist) into line with the Church of England (Anglican)
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Act that held that army should be placed under the control of a general appointed by Parliament -
an important document voted by Parliament that summerized all the wrong doing of Charles I
- concluded on “revolutionary” demands:
• right of the House of commons to choose the King’s ministers
• right for Parliament to control any army sent to Ireland
• right for Parliament to reform the Church -
Irish Catholic rebels rose up against English/Scottish Protestant settlers send by James I (plantation policy) -
Charles I marched into the House of Commons with troops and attempted to arrest 5 MPs
He believed that 5 MPs were plotting against the queen -
22 August 1642, Charles formally declared war on Parliament. -
Parliarlent was victorious
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the Royalist forces were weakened -
the king was then put in army custody -
- he allied with the Scots
- promised them to introduce Presbyterianism/Calvinism into England in return for the invasion of the Scottish army in England to restore him to power
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Monarchy and House of Lords were abolished
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- Royalist revolts (in support of monarchy) took place in Ireland and Scotland - were brutally repressed by Cromwell (Wexford massacre [every man, woman children killed])
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period between 2 reigns/kings
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England was governed by its people without a King (=republic)
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after he was put on trial for high treason, Charles I was executed = Regicide -
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blasphemy = attack on God -
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→England’s first and only written constitution -
Because of problems with Parliament:
- Slow progress with electoral reform
- Tensions between Army and Parliament -
England was ruled by Cromwell
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In return for the restoration of monarchy, it promised:
•A general amnesty (pardon)
•To continue religious toleration
•To share power with Parliament -
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The king (Charles II) was restaured
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All ministers had to swear to conform to the Book of Common Prayer -
- the last in a long series of plague epidemics that first began in London in June 1499
- killed between 75,000 and 100,000 ppl
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- great fire that swept through central London from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666
- 6 ppl died
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- Rumour of a plot organised by French ppl to murder Charles II and replace him by his Catholic brother James II
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- Parliament attempted to debar James II from the succession to the English throne - Parliament was dissolved
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- under his reign, ppl feared catholic absolutism
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- was James II's son in law -landed with an army of 15 000 men and met no resistance
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- established religious pluralism and freedom of worship for all Protestants
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A key political text presented to William III and Mary (his wife) that :
- limited the monarch’s power (for the first time)
- Set out the rights of Parliament
- Set out basic civil rights
- Listed James' misdeeds -
Ensured a Protestant succession, because William and Mary had no heir
- ignored dozens of Catholic heirs -
- Creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain: England,Wales and Scotland
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legislative agreement uniting GB (England and Scotland) and Ireland under the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland