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He observed the first microorganisms because of the invention of the microscope.
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He discovered the simple laws of inheritance of traits that allowed one to predict the outcome of crosses with certain traits.
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He was described the scientific basis for fermentation, wine making, and the brewing of beer, established the science of microbiology, and proposed the Germ Theory.
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found nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages. This later led scientists to believe that DNA might be the inheritable material of an organism.
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discovered that genes were on chromosomes. Also studyed fruit flies.
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Using mice, he proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another.
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An isolated penicillin from a fungus. Many of his ideas are used to develop biotechnology drugs today.
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showed DNA in the number of units in thymine and guanine.
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proposed a hypothesis
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established that DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
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established through X-ray crystallography that DNA was indeed a double helix
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proved viruses replicated wusing DNA and confirmed the role of DNA as the hereditary.
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discovered the structure of DNA
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discovered plasmid DNA, circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria.
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discovered mechanismof gene expression through his study of messenger RNA
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discovered bacterial restriction enzymes that cut DNA
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discovered the 64 codons that code for the 20 amino acids making up proteins.
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DNA plasmids were isolated and purified
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were responsible for the first transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli
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Cloning experiments
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the worlds first genetic engineering company, was founded
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140 scientists met to draw up guidelines for work with recombinant DNA in microorganisms. Paul was the key organizer.
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inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E. coli
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found one identifed pattern made of one's DNA through a digest by diff. enzymes.
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he was born the first human baby resulting from in vitro fertilization, in which sperm and egg are joined in a petri dish. The fertilized egg is later implanted in a womb.
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ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. This resulted in a huge startup of biotech companies.
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scientists made the first transgenic animals.
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Company placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria.
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transformed plants with Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer.
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invented polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA in the laboratory.
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applied RFLP in DNA profiling to the study of criminal cases.
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was invented for speeding up the labor- intense process.
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were moved into an organism through the use of a gene gun.
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revised safety guidelines for recombinant DNA to include plants grownin greenhouses and animals raised in barns.
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discovered RNA interference, silencing of genes, in the warm
C. elegans. -
used monoclonal antibody technology.
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Colleagues at Washington University invented "yeast artificial chromosomes," or YACs, which are expression vectors for large proteins.
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cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult cell of a ewe at the Roselin Institute in Scottland.
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found a way to sequence DNA. Given an unknown piece of DNA, they were able to read the correct order of bases of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
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looking at the expression of all the genes of an organism at one time on a microscope slide or silicon chip, was developed.
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invented an automated DNA sequencer that had a capability of sequencing 76,600 base pairs per hr.
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coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity and therefore gene expression.
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Announcement was made of the completion of the human genome project
