-
Robert Hooke came up with the term "cells" and Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed the first microorganisms.
-
Gregor Mendel discovered simple laws of inhertitance of traits
-
Louis Pasteur described the scientific basis for fermentation and claimed that microorganisms were responsible for infectious disease
-
Johann Miescher found nucleic acid in the white blood cells in pus in a bandage.
-
By studying fruit flies, Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered that genes were on chromosomes.
-
Fred Griffith discovered that genetic material could be moved from one bacteria strain to another.
-
Sir Alexander Fleming isolated penicillin from a fungus.
-
Chargraff showed that in DNA the Adenine and Thymine were equal, while cytosince and guanine were equal.
-
Beadle & Tatum proposed and Avery, McCarty & McLeod established that DNA was the hereditary material that was transferred.
-
Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA
-
Hershey and Chase proved that viruses use DNA to replicate and confirmed DNA as hereditary material
-
Franklin and Wilkins established that DNA was indeed a double helix.
-
Hayes discovred plasma DNA (circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria)
-
Gilbert discovered mechanism of gene expression through his study of RNA
-
Arber, Nathans, and Smith discovered restriction enzymes that cut DNA
-
Khorana and Nirenberg discoverd the 64 codons that code for amino acids to make protien
-
Vinograd isolated and purified DNA plasmids
-
Madel and Higa were responsible for the first transformation of E.coli
-
Boyer and Cohen started cloning experiments
-
Genentech was founded as the world's first GE company
-
140 scientists, with Paul Berg as leader, met to draw up guidelines for work with rDNA
-
Sanger and Gilbert found a way to sequence DNA
-
Boyer inserted a synthetic insulin gene into E.Coli
-
Botstein found that people could be identified by DNA; this DNA fingerprint was called a Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
-
First baby of in vitro fertilization was born
-
Supreme court ruled that gentetically altered life forms could be patented; resulted in huge jumpstart of biotech companies.
-
Ohio University scientists made the first transgenic animals.
-
Eli Lilly placed a human insulin gene inside bacteria
-
Schell, Chilton, Van Montagu, Fraley, and Horsch transformed plants with Agrobacterium-meditated gene transfer.
-
Kary Mullis invented PCR to amplify DNA in the lab
-
Jeffries applied the DNA fingerprint in the study of criminal cases
-
Fluorescences sequencer was invented, speeding up the process.
-
Genes were moved into an organism using a gene gun.
-
NIH revised safety guidelines to include plants grown in greenhouses and animals raised in barns.
-
Fire and Mello discovered RNA interference in the worm, C.elegans.
-
Kohler, Milstein, and Jerne used monoclonal antibody technology
-
Olson and colleague at Washington University invented "yeast artificial chromosomes" which are expression vectors for large proteins.
-
Ian Wilmut cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult ewe at the Roslin Institute
-
DNA chip technology was developed.
-
Dabiri and Garner invented an automated DNA sequencer that worked about 5-30 times faster that existing sequencers.
-
Ron Breaker coined the term riboswitch for part of an mRNA molecule that can regulate its own activity
-
Human Genome project was completed; project provided ability to find genes and gave rise to sequencing of other genomes.
