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322 BCE
Aristole describes like with the scala nautrae
a Greek philosopher was Aristotle he wrote lots of diverse subjects ahead of his time. he had an interest in the view of nature. the first classification of living things and systematists it was based on the scala naturae or natural ladder he said that divided animals into two types : those with blood and withou blood Article :http://palaeos.com/systematics/greatchainofbeing/scala_naturae.html -
129 BCE
Galen of pergamon describes the human body
Galen was a greek who was hte roman empire;s greatest physician. he wrote about 20,000 pages of his work still exists today. galen expertise in anatomy, surgery, pharmacology and therapeutic methods he is famous for binging philosophy into medicine https://www.famousscientists.org/galen/ -
Lamarck develops hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
lamarck believed that organism change over time to fit their lifestyle. he thought that elephants used to have short trunks they would have to stretch their trunks for water and leafs. passing the trait to the offspring. Article : https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09 -
The Voyage of the HMS beagle
charles darwin traveled around the world in the HMS Beagle for 5 years he explored the coast of South America and islands one named Galapagos. with his notebook, he wrote down his observations and different plants and animals and also geology and collected thousands of specimens which he studied. by the time he got home he was an established naturalist . Article : https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
the germ theory became popular in Europe and North America between 1850 and 1920 it encouraged the reduction of diseases between microorganism and hosts. louis Pasteur was a chemist who wanted to understand bacteria and which ones can be used for vaccinations.Article: https://bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory -
The origin of species by means of natural selectrion
the origin of species written by Charles Darwin became the most popular book it talked about how evolution and it's variety of species adaptations, variation and also in physical appearance. he argued on how traits are passed from parents to offspring. Article : www.talkorigins.org/faqs/origin.html -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether a sterile nutrient broth could have a spontaneously generate microbial life . he set up two experiments in both pasteur added nutrient broth to flasks bend the necks of the flecks into s shapes and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes. Article : http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/ -
Gregor Mendel works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
the pea plant experiment discovered by Gregor Mendel the fundamental laws of inheritance. he concluded that genes come in pairs and were inherited as distinct units from each of the parents decoded mathematical patters from one generation to the next he started with Mendel's laws of independent assortment and law of dominance. Article : http://dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ides of evolutionary processes
in 1979 Thomas Malthus published a book called Essay on the principle of population, Darwin and Wallace believed that both plants and animals should have the same experience of population pressure. if a animal has some traits help withstand the elements or the breed more succesfully would leave more offspring behind than others. Article : https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_14 -
The challenger oceanography expedition sails around the world
Modern oceanography began with the challenger expedition between 1872 and 1867. it was the first expedition organized to gather data on a wide range of ocean features ocean temperature, seawater chemistry currents marine life and geology of the seafloor. https://climatediscovery.org/hms-challenger-expedition-1872-to-1876-the-greatest-scientific-venture-of-the-18th-and-19th-century/ -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
jacques was an engineer that used compressed air technology and developed during the war to develop scuba. he was interested in the sea when he was a child he would go swim at the bottom and hold his breath underwater he was in the military. as he grew older he started to invent a device named aqua-lung designed an apparatus for the U.S military . article :https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100611-jacques-cousteau-100th-anniversary-birthday-legacy-google/ -
Thomas Hunt Morgan discovers sex- linkage
a geneticist named Thomas morgan observed a fruit fly with a different eye color than usual. he became curious so he made an experiment that would develop a simple breeding analysis and with the experiment, he discovered and confirmed the chromosome theory https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hunt-Morgan -
NEils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
Neil described his discovery on how shell model of an atom to explain how electrons can have a stable orbit around the nucleus he modified rutherford's model the energy of an electron depends on the size of the orbit and is lower for smaller orbits. the radiation can only occur when electrons jump from one orbit to another. Article : https://www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
he developed an experiment by using two different types of bacteria type III-5 and type II-R. the only difference was that type II-5 strain has a sooth polysaccharide coat which makes it easy to resistant to the immune system of mice. the results came that type II-5 been transformed into type III-R strain. becoming the main principle Article : https://study.com/academy/lesson/frederick-griffith-experiment-discovery-quiz.html -
plasmodium falciparum is described as the causeative agent of malaria
four host- restricted or adapted species of Plasmodium are traditionally recognized as responsible for human malaria. occasionally human beings can be infected either naturally or accidentally by several simian species. the life cycle of all species of human malaria parasites is characterized by an exogenous sexual phase in which multiplication occurs in several species http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=44810 -
Genetics and the origin of species book by theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Dobzhansky is a book about the population of genetics t other biologists. he influenced their appreciation for the genetic basis of evolution. he implements theories of mutation-natural selection and speciation. article : www.stephenjaygould.org/library/dobzhansky_organic-diversity.html -
Barabsrs Mclintock describes transposons
Barbara McClintock challenged existing concepts of what genes were capable of when she discovered that some genes could be mobile. her studies of chromosomes breakage in maize led to her discover a chromosome-breaking locus that could change it's position within a chromosome. she also made other discoveies like elements knows as transpoons.
http://www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198 -
Beadle and tatum publish the 1 gene- 1 enzyme hypothesis
the theory that George Beadle made in 1941 was that each gene produces a single enzyme which affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway he used fruit flies beadle and Tatum created Neurospora mutation by irradiation Neurospora with x- rays. they determine how exactly genes regulated enzymes and controlled biochemical reactions. Article : https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis -
Avery , MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Avery and MacLeod and McCarty belived that the proteins carried out the genetic information. the scientist followed the Griffith experiment but they tweaked it to make it their own way and found out that the transforming agent was the protein. Article : https://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
the first atomic bomb is used in war
were tested on the ground at the Trinity site. The first atomic bombs were dropped during World War 2, initially as tests by the US government, then dropped at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the only two nuclear devices used as an act of war by any nation www.answers.com/Q/Where_was_the_first_atomic_bomb_used_in_war -
Rosalind franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops image 51
Rosalind Franklin was an expert in a powerful technique for determining the structure of molecules knows as X-Ray crystallography. as DNA to be exposed to x-rays to deflect by the atoms in the crystal. image 51 was a remarkably clear and x-ray diffraction image of DNA produced. Article : https://askabiologist.asu.edu/Rosalind_Franklin-DNA -
Ensatina described as a ring species
estatina is based on a ring type of different forms of species Robert Stebbins idea on the morphology of subspecies different color patterns. robert noticed species near to each other were similar to one another verses species that were further away to blend into one another Article: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/devitt_02 -
Hershey- chase experiments are published
this extraordinary experiment started in 1952 with the help of Alfred Hershey (1908-1997) and his assistant Martha Chase (1923-2003) they convince the world that the DNA was a genetic material and that proteins carried information to the inheritance. Article : https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=39044 -
watson and crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Francis Crick and James Watson presented the structure of DNA helix. they created a model of a molecule that carried genetic information down to each generation. other scientist tried to decode it but never could. but Watson and Crick were the first ones to decode it. they received the noble prize in physiology in medicine in 1962 Article :https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/ -
Miller - urey experiments published
harold urey did a experiment and made the discovery of the heavy form of hydrogen known as deuterium. He was a key figure in the development of the atomic bomb and made fundamental contributions. Urey had a systematic chart of the isotopes, the system included two additional isotopes of hydrogen—both undiscovered—one with twice the mass (2H) and one with three times the mass (3H) of ordinary hydrogen (1H) Article : https://www.britannica.com/biography/Harold-Urey -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl existing DNA from new DNA and to track new and old DNA over several rounds of replication. labeling cells with different stable isotopes of nitrogen. they first culture of the bacterial cell were it will grow for several generations. hte cells were put in containing only the common lighter isotopes of nitrogen 14N www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895 -
endosymbiosis is desscribed by Lynn Margulis
Margulis studied the structure of cells. to her, they looked like bacteria. she spend time arguing about her belief but it was still unreconized. in 1970 she published ger argument in the origin of eukaryotic cells
https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24 -
Nirenberg cracks the Generic Code
a biochemist named Marshall Nirenberg he discovered the first triplet sequences of the three bases of DNA that codes from one of the 20 amino acids that proteins use as building blocks within 5 years after the first triplet was decoded he then figured out the genetic code sequences for thetriplet codon base pairs. www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
splicesomes were discovered and described
Pre-mRNA splicing is catalyzed by the spliceosome, a multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex comprised of five snRNPs and numerous proteins. the discovery of RNA began with the discovery of nucleic acid by Friedrich Miescher in 1868 named the material 'nuclein' since it was found in the nucleus. Article : http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/7/a003707.full -
Apollo 11 landed on the moon
Apollo 11 was a spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. the Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle Article : https://www.space.com/16758-apollo-11-first-moon-landing.html -
theodosius dobzhansky publishes nothing in science mkes sense except in the light of evolution.
theodosius dobzhansky believed that evolution is the cornerstone of biology he quoted " nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution this quote has been used in numerous articles . he talked how central important of evolution in a basic understanding for natural world. Article : www.phil.vt.edu/Burian/NothingInBiolChFina.pdf -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed lucy fossilis discovered
discovered in Hadar in Ethopia by Tom Grey and Donald Johanson. lucy specie lived between 3.9 to 2.8 million years ago. the discovery included the fossil of footprints and the full skeleton of lucy. Article : https://iho.asu.edu/about/lucys-story -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered in
in 1997 some scientist were exploring the Galapagos Rift along the mid-ocean ridge they noticed serious temperature spikes in their data in such short difference. they studied it more until soon discovered that the ocean has deep-sea hydrothermal vents which lack sunlight, toxic material and pressure characterized the deep sea vent ecosystem https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
the sanger technique is developed
the genetic code was discovered by Fred Sanger. the DNA had to be separated into 2 strands. this process is carried out for all four bases and then the fragments are put together like a puzzle to reveal the sequence of the original piece of DNA www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/sanger-method-dna-sequencing -
Kary Mullis develops polymerase chain reaction
Kary Mullis invented the PCR in 1985 while working as a chemist. it requires placing a small amount of the DNA containing the gene into a test tube. a large batch of loose nucleotides exact copies of the original gene is also added to the tube. a pair of DNA segments match on each side of the desired gene is added these called primers find the right portion of the DNA . https://www.karymullis.com/pcr.shtml -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
tommie Lee Andrew was the first person ever to get convicted of his charges using DNA evidence. he served 62 years in prison he was scheduled to get released on Dec 30th 2010 for good behaviorhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Hunt-Morgan -
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ADAPTIVE DIVERGENCE IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA
the article talks about how a single population of flies are divided into two categories which one population eats starch based food whille the other maltose food but the flies would perfer to mate with their kind. article : https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_45 -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the hardy- weinberg equation for determining allele frequenies in populations
Hardy and Weinberg developed a model describing the relationship between the dominant and recessive alleles in a population. in order for alleles to be unchanged from each generation, conditions had to be met. Article : http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html -
the innocence project was founded
the innocence project was founded in 1992 by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck at Cardozo School of Law, the goal was to use DNA testing into the criminal justice system to prove if a person is guilty or not just by taking a DNA test. Article :https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian Scotland. she lived there until her death she was six years old. the sheep original code name was 6LL3. the name dolly was suggested by stockmen who helped with her birth in honor of Dolly Parton it was a mam cell mary cell that was cloned. www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/ -
sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
the oldest species in human family tree scientist believed they lived between 6 to 7 million year ago in the west - central asia the skull had a small flat canine teeth that is usual for primate. they belived they walked in 2 legs. article : http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis -
the human genome
the human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequence for human encoded as DNA with 23 chromosome pair. chemical base pairs which make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. Article : https://www.genome.gov/12011238/an-overview-of-the-human-genome-project/ -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identifed and described
CRISPr/ CAS 9 is a tool that edits parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence. it introduces a change into the DNA by an enzyme called cas9. Article : https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
researcher say Devonians existed thousands of years alongside modern humans and Neanderthals. they believed neandertal relatives may have migrated along the southern Siberia of 60,000 years ago. the only evidence they found as a finger bone found in the altai mountains in siberia. Article : www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/denisova.html -
Richard L Bible is executed
Jennifer Wilson was on vacation with her family. and she decided to ride her bike a few miles back to her ranch, but she never showed up Bible age 26 was arrested seven hours later after the disappearance of Jennifer. he was convicted of murder due to the DNA found in his truck and on his clothes two decades later he was executed with a lethal injection
http://azdailysun.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/flagstaff-murderer-ricky-bible-executed/article_83b0572d-bc3e-57fc-95c5-a81f7484aecd.html
