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Period: 1350 to 1550
Renaissance Art
The Renaissance was a period of rebirth of classical Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance art used realistic relationships between figures and landscape, a visual representation of the laws of perspective, and vivid colors, unlike Medieval art which was two-dimensional, dull, and mostly religious. The Early Renaissance also emphasized the mathematical side of the painting, the working of the laws of light and geometry, and the investigation of the human body. -
Period: 1350 to 1550
Renaissance Music
Music in the Renaissance was a shift from Gregorian chants to secular tunes. Dufay was one of the most important musicians of the era and music ceased to be chiefly in the service of God and moved into the secular world of courts and cities. Famous meldies like fa la la la la and Deck the Halls were composed and music was written in the vernacular. This represents the growing secularism in the Renaissance. -
Period: 1350 to 1550
Renaissance Literature
The intellectual Renaissance started in Italy and the two key components were secularism and humanism. Petrarch was the father of humanism and it stressed classical literary works of Greece and Rome as well. Bruni wrote The New Cicero, promoting civic humanism for people to get involved in political life. The Renaissance was a time period when people believed they could accomplish many achievements and individuals had the ability to do things if they willed. -
Period: 1527 to 1580
Mannerism Art
Mannerism emphasized asymmetry and unnatural elegance especially of the human body, which unlike the Renaissance, is not as realistic. It was a movement that arose in opposition to Baroque art. It has sophistication as well as artificial characteristics such as elongated limbs. It uses complex shading and lighting as well as complex poses, out-of-proportion bodies, and an unclear perspective. -
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Baroque Art
Baroque art had characteristics of splendor and flourish for God. The style is characterized by exaggerated motion and clear detail used to produce drama and grandeur. Baroque art also uses light and dark that was often used in paintings of dimly lit scenes to produce a high-contrast atmosphere. Famous painters of the Baroque era include Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt. Famous paintings include Las Meninas and Bacchus, and Baroque art was a representation of religious wars in the reformations. -
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Baroque Music
Baroque music is characterized by direct, obvious, and dramatic sounds, intending to appeal above all to the senses and the emotions. Baroque pieces have less ornamentation and are most rigidly structured. Famous composers include Bach, Vivaldi, and Handel, and famous pieces include Bach's fugues and Vivaldi's Four Seasons. Many Baroque composers composed religious music, especially Bach, and seen in his church pieces with major organ parts, which relates to the influence of Christianity. -
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Rococo Art
Rococo originated in France and was a decoration type of art as well. It was delicate and emphasized grace and gentle action. It rejected strict geometry and used curves like nature. Rococo was highly secular and was about pleasure, happiness, and love. It emerged after the death of Louis XIV and shows the lifestyle of aristocrats in France at the time. Notable artists include Watteau and Fragonard and they painted Return from Cythera and many architects also utilized the Rococo style. -
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Neoclassical Art
Neoclassicism occurred at a similar time to Rococo art, but despite the latter's popularity, neoclassicism was also appealing as it emerged in France as an established movement. Artists wanted to recapture the dignity and simplicity of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. Some were especially influenced by recent excavations of Pompeii. Classical elements are visible in the paintings. Jacques-Louis David painted the Oath of Horatii and emphasized sacrifice, honor, and patriotism. -
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Romanticism Art
Romantic pieces varied greatly but shared two characteristics as a reflection of artist's inner feelings and rejection of classicism through warmth and emotion. It also shows the triumph of imagination and individuality and relates to the world at the time because it was an age of conservatism and rejected many of Enlightenment ideals. Famous artists include Turner, Delacroix, and Friedrich, and famous paintings include The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, which portrays nationalism and heroism. -
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Romanticism Music
Music allowed Romantics to probe deeply into human emotions. Music reflected the deepest feelings and had drama, struggle, and uplifting resolutions. Beethoven's Eroica was influenced by Napoleon's achievements and conquests. Berlioz was also a romantic composer and composed Symopnie Fantastique, which includes passion and love. -
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Romanticism Literature
Romanticism in literature emphasized emotion and intuition over reason to discover the truth. Writers used sentiment and inner feelings. Romanticism also stressed individualism and was related to the time period because heroism and Gothic literature were on the rise. Famous writers include Goethe and Wordsworth, who was a pantheist and believed God was in all things. Famous works include the Sorrows of a Young Writer and Prometheus Unbound. -
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Modernism Music
Nationalism was represented in many of the modern musical pieces. Grieg was a supporter of Norweigian nationalism and his lyrics express that feeling in the Peer Gynt Suite. Debussy used elusive moods and haunting sensations and is distincive in its delicate beauty and elegance of sound. He composed Prelude ot the Afternoon of a Faun, which showed the composers' feelings commonly. Modernism was very irrational, like Freud and the feeling of uncertainty in the time. -
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Realism Art
Realism in art became dominant after around 1850 and it desired to depict everyday life of ordinary people to attempt photographic realism and the natural environment. It emerged in a time of nationalism and Realpolitik by Bismarck, which is also based realistically. Courbet and Millet were famous realist artists who painted The Stonebreakers and The Gleaners. Realism in art was not afraid of the crude or unorthodox. -
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Realism Literature
The belief that the world should be viewed realistically was closely related to the materialistic outlook that grew after 1850. Literary realists rejected Romanticism and dealt with ordinary characters rather than heroes. They avoided flowery language and used careful observation and accurate description. They examined social questions. Flaubert wrote Madame Bovary and it was a straightforward description of a small town and a mediocre life. Thackeray wrote Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero. -
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Realism/Modernism Literature
Naturalists accpeted the material as real and felt literature should be realistic. They addressed social problems, and unlike realism, lakced the underlying note of obtimism. They were pessismistic, which shows how people in general felt during this time period. Zola writes about how alcohol affected people's lives. Tolstoy wrote War and Peace, which has realistic depictions of miliatry life and character portrayl. Everybody is analyzed psychology. It had a fatalistic view on human future. -
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Impressionism Art
Artists sought new forms of expression as artists went to paint nature directly and wanted originality and distinction from past artworks. They utilized bright colors, dynamic brushstrokes, and a smaller scale. Pisarro, one of the founders, influenced Monet, who was a very well-known impressionist. He painted Sunrise and used interplay between light, water, and the atmosphere. Morisot painted Young Girl by the Window and uses light colors and flowing brushstrokes. -
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Post-Impressionism Art
Post-Impressionism retained Impressionism's emphasis on light and color but payed more attention to structure and form. THey sought to use both color and line to express inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality rather than an imitation of objects. They shifted from objectie reality to subjective reality. Cezanne and van Gogh painted Mont Sainte-Victoire and the Starry Night, which were their own interpretations. -
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Surrealism/Dadaism Art
These art movements expressed the irrational and Dadaism enshrined the purposeless of life. Surrealism sought a reality beyond the material world and found it in the world of the unconscious through dreams and fantasies. Salvador Dali in his The persience of the Memory shows disttorted shapes and an odd reality that can be interpreted in many different ways. Viewers were forced to question the rational. This relates to the doubt created after World War I and Freud's uncertainties and irrational.