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While the crusades took place before the time period 1200 - 1450, they had a long lasting affect on Europe, giving them an interest in luxury goods from the east, like silk and porcelain.
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Dar al-Islam is the world of Islam. This world of Islam encouraged learning and sciences, pushing forward human knowledge and creating a safe space for Muslims.
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This was Europe's dominant social and political structure. This social hierarchy separated society, with each tier serving another. -
The Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions in Europe. There was little to no separation of religion and government, so the church kind of just ran free.
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Genghis Khan unified the nomadic Mongol tribes and created the largest land empire in history. He connected most of Eurasia, facilitated trade, communication, and cultural exchange.
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The Mongols revived the Silk Road, making it once again good for trade, and helped create wealthy cities like Samarkand and Kashgar.
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Greater naval knowledge combined with better navigation technology created a bustling trade network in the Indian Ocean. -
He traveled from Venice to China, serving in Kublai Khan's court. He introduced Europeans to Asia's wealth and sophistication, increasing interest in trade and exploration.
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This was the ruling family of China. The Song Dynasty had lasted for about 300 years, ruling using Confucian ideals.
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This plague spread across trade routes from Asia to Europe. Caused massive population decline, social upheaval, and economic changes in many regions.
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The Ottomans took Constantinople, conquering the Byzantine Empire. They renamed it to Istanbul, making it the capital of their Islamic empire that spanned Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa.
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Portugal established trading posts in Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Spain built a large land empire in the Americas, including Mexico, and Peru, exploiting silver mines and indigenous labor.
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Funded by Spain, Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered "The New World," starting the era of European colonization in The Americas. He lead to the Colombian Exchange, which transformed agriculture, populations, and economies.
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The Safavids used Shi'a Islam to unite their people and pin problems against their Sunni neighbors. The Safavids greatly helped created modern Iranian identity.
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Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church, starting the Protestant Reformation. This led to religious wars in Europe and the CatholicCounter0Reformation, which reshaped Christianity and church-state relations.
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Europeans began transporting millions of Africans to the Americas as part of the Triangular Trade. Africans were bought out of Africa in exchange for weapons, and this fueled plantation economies for years.
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Founded by Babur, the Mughals created a powerful empire in modern day India. They were known for religious tolerance under Akbar and incredible buildings, like the Taj Mahal created under Shah Jahan. -
This was the massive exchange of plants, animals, people, and diseases between the East and the West. This brought crops like potatoes and maize to Europe and horses and smallpox to the Americas.
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Japan adopted a policy of isolation under the Tokugawa Shogunate. Severely restricted foreign trade and contact, especially with Europeans, to preserve Japanese culture and political control. -
Kings like Louis XIV of France used an absolute monarchy to centralize power and reduce the influence of nobility. Developments of Bureaucracies and standing armies helped rulers maintain control.
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The 12 colonies fought for independence from Britain. Inspired by Enlightenment ideals, it led to the creation of the United States and influenced other revolutions. -
Triggered by inequality, economic hardship, and Enlightenment ideas. Led to the abolition of the monarchy, the rise of Napoleon, and long-term political changes in France and Europe.
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The only successful slave revolt in history, it led to the independence of Haiti from French Colonial rule. It was inspired by Enlightenment and French Revolution ideals.
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Began in Britain, bringing major technological advancements like the steam engine, factories, and mass production. Transformed economies, labor systems, and urban life globally.
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Millions migrated to work in colonies; indentured servants from India and China, and voluntary migrants to the Americas. Often faced racial discrimination and harsh conditions, shaping multicultural societies in places like the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Africa.
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Led by reformers in Europe and the Americas, the British abolished slave trade. Slavery itself was gradually abolished globally through the 19th century.
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Britain fought China to keep selling opium; China lost both wars. Resulted in unequal treaties and spheres of influence that weakened Chinese sovereignty.
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After the Sepoy Rebellion Britain took direct control of India from the British East India Company. Marked a shift to formal imperial rule, with India as the "crown jewel" of the British Empire.
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Connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, drastically shortening the route between Europe and Asia. Increased European interest and control in Egypt and the Middle East. -
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European powers rapidly colonized almost all of Africa. Formalized at the Berlin Conference where Europeans divided Africa with no African input.
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Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, but caused by militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. Resulted in massive causalities, new warfare technologies, and the fall of empires (Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, German).
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Led by the Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin, it overthrew the Tsar and established the world's first communist state. Sparked global ideological conflict between capitalism and communism. -
Officially ended WWI and placed harsh penalties on Germany, including loss of territory, military restrictions, and reparations. Created resented that contributed to the rise of fascism and World War II.
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A global economic crisis that began in the US and spread worldwide. Led to mass unemployment, political instability, and the rise of authoritarian regimes.
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Started when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, and was fought on a global scale. Included atrocities like the Holocaust and ended with the use of atomic bombs on Japan and the founding of the United Nations.
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Tensions rose between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII. Led to a global arms race, proxy wars, and ideological competition. -
India gained independence from Britain under leaders like Mohandas Gandhi, who used nonviolent resistance.
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A proxy war between the US-backed South Korea and the USSR/China-backed North Korea. Ended in a stalemate, with Korea still divided at the 38th parallel.
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Many African nations gained independence from European powers. Often involved nationalist movements, wars, or negotiations, and faced pos-independence challenges.
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The closest the world came to nuclear war, when the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba. Resolved through tense diplomacy between JFK and Khrushchev.
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Pandemics like HIV/AIDS (1980's - present) and COVID-19 (2019 - 2022) highlighted global health interdependence. Prompted international scientific collaboration and debates about equity in health care.
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Revolutionized global communication, commerce, and information access. Enabled rapid spread of ideas, digital economies, and global activism.
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Marked the end of the Cold War and the global dominance of communism. Led to the creation of independent nations from former Soviet republics and a shift toward global capitalism. -
Creation of WTO, (1995) NAFTA, (1994) and the expansion of multinational corporations. Led to increased global trade, outsourcing, and interconnected economies.
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Increased concern over global warming, deforestation, pollution, and biodiversity loss. Sparked international cooperation like the Kyoto Protocol (1997) Paris Agreement (2015)