-
Slavery abolished across the empire
-
If a local ruler's direct line ended, land/titles were passed to the East India Company.
-
Began with a mutiny of sepoys in the Bengal Army. Resentment: pay, cultural insensitivity, land confiscation from nobility. Enfield rifles greased with beef/pork fat became rallying point/example of British indifference.
-
Ferdinand De Lesseps, international shares
-
Official explorations of eastern and central Africa (5 years). Was named Consul for the East Coast of Africa. Sent 2,000 letters home and became a sensationalized hero.
-
Direct rule implemented in India after the Rebellion. East India Company dissolved, all property and army returned to the Crown. Govt of India Act: created a secretary of state for India, an India Council, rule by a Viceroy.
-
Ended the 2nd Opium War. Compelled China to make concessions and open ports to preferential British trade. British traders began to take tea to grow in India (Darjeeling, Assam). Old summer palace in Beijing destroyed in October 1860.
-
Some land/titles returned to nobility. 'Star of India' medal created. More investment in infrastructure and development. English teaching universities in Bombay, Calcutta etc. Combination of direct/indirect rule, e.g. Kashmir, Hyderabad were self-governing as they had remained loyal.
-
Dramatic decrease in cotton imports to Britain
-
After abolition of slavery, many black former slaves were poor, taxed highly, had little voting rights etc. Rose up against colonial oppression. Brutal suppression, over 400 deaths. Direct rule was established.
-
Overcame height difference between Lakes Ontario and Eyrie to help transportation of goods to the coast. Damaged the ecosystem, created dependence on British infrastructure projects.
-
Extended the franchise and created a larger electorate. Conservatives used support for empire to win votes in 1874, but were accused of dangerous 'jingoism'.
-
Official opening e.g. Verdi commissioned to write an opera.
-
Increasing threat to Britain. Very industrialised, began to overtake Britain economically.
-
World-wide economic slump. Revived chartered company rule as cost the government nothing.
-
-
Methodist missionaries in Australia contributed significantly.
-
Buys 44% shares from Khedive Isma'il for £4 million, without the approval of Parliament.
-
King Leopold II of Belgium invited explorers and geographers to discuss his personal holdings in the Congo, how to extend control.
-
Implemented by Disraeli
-
To protect British influence in South Africa. Followed discovery of gold and diamonds.
-
At Alexandra Palace, animals and people from Sudan were exhibited.
-
Under Viceroy Lytton: fears of Russian influence in Central Asia, wish to consolidate/protect the British Raj. Huge losses of 10,000 British soldiers, but eventually controlled the North-West frontier.
-
Due to poor economy, after attempted modernisation schemes. Replaced by his son Tewfiq.
-
Under George Goldie. 30 trading posts jointed together in Central Africa, but were refused a royal charter due to fears of French influence in the area. Signed over 450 treaties with local leaders.
-
Under Urabi Pasha. Aimed to depose Tewfik and remove foreign influence in Egypt. Britain eventually occupied Egypt.
-
Provoked by Bartle Frere to attempt to control South Africa and create a British federation. Eventual victory, but suffered embarrassing defeats at Isandlwana. Gladstone denounced Frere in 1880.
-
Dutch settlers, spoke Afrikaans.
-
Gladstone (and French) sent combined gunboat fleet to intervene. The bombardment of Alexandria resulted in Tewfik being restored as puppet ruler. Consul-General Evelyn Baring was set up to rule indirectly and British troops remained in Egypt.
-
Cleric Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed himself the Mahdi in June, created a jihadist army.
-
Egypt is a defacto British colony under nominal Ottoman rule. Various puppet rulers are put in place.
-
First machine gun.
-
Called by Bismarck, attended by 14 state reps. Africa was divided into European spheres of influence. Congo and Niger rivers to remain neutral, free trade. General Act signed: prevent slavery, support missionaries. Principle of effective occupation.
-
Gladstone unwilling to intervene, but Premier of Queensland Thomas MacIlwraith occupied the south-west after the Germans tried to claim it.
-
Under Gladstone. Additional 5.5 million voters.
-
Gladstone ordered troops to evacuate Sudan in 1884 but Governor-General Charles Gordon was beheaded after mahdists overran defences. Gladstone did not react.
-
Secured international loans for Egypt, solidified British economic influence. Military personnel and political/economic advisers put in place.
-
-
Result of increased demands for Indians in government. Discussed public affairs etc.
-
Discussed if there should be special trading relationships between colonies, rather than only between individual colonies and Britain. Rejected by Britain.
-
After discovery of diamonds in 1866, Rhodes established a monopoly in Kimberly, South Africa.
-
Sultan agreed to British rule to prevent a German take-over
-
Rhodes controlled mining companies in South Africa. British South Africa company given a royal charter in 1889.
-
-
One of the many Russian railway projects, aiming to exert influence in central Asia and eastern Europe.
-
First Anglican African bishop, but accused of being too lax on 'heathen' practices.
-
British South Africa Company took over land in the interior of Africa.