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Black Death
-plague caused by infected rats travelling on ships to Europe from Asia
-extreme population loss -
Renaissance
-a period of rebirth in Europe that started in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe -
John Hus
-Great Schism: disagreements on who should be Pope led to there being 3 Popes at the same time
-John Hus attacked the power of the papacy in the Catholic Church -
Age of Exploration
-a time where European nations began exploring other areas seeking new trading opportunities and territories -
-Ottoman Turks took Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire -Joan of Arc inspired the French to continue fighting
-England's government wasn't stable -
-Johannes Gutenburg invented it
-allowed for the spread of ideas throughout Europe and Asia -
-Columbus believed he was in India -Spanish Muslims were forced out
-Spain became Catholic -
Protestant and Catholic Reformation
-new religions and forms of Catholicism began forming, starting with people such as Martin Luther and John Calvin -
Early Modern Society
-timespan that goes from the late middle ages to the classical era
-included part of the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, and the Reformations -
Price Revolution
-a time when high rates of inflation plagued most of Western Europe -
-opposed indulgences
-led to Protestantism -
-Aztecs believed Spaniards were sent by Gods
-Aztecs die of European diseases -
Religious Wars
-a series of wars caused by conflicts and rivalries between religious groups -
-Henry VIII wanted a divorce, Pope said no
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-Calvinism
-predestination -
-Sun at center of solar system
-opposed populer geocentric theory -
Scientific Revolution
-advances in astronomy, heliocentric theory, inertia, ellipses
-advances in medicine, blood flow
-rationalism -
-opposed Catholics beliefs
-reeastablished traditional Catholic ideas -
Dutch Commercial Dominance
-Netherlands successfully revolted against Spain, leading to a Golden Age for the Dutch and their trading companies -
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-Lutherans became equal to Catholics
-German rulers could choose the religions of their people -
Witchcraft Scare
-more persecutionn and execution
-religious uncertainty
-women were primary victims -
-defeated by Elizabeth 1 of England
Spanish were relying on God -
-Catholicism as official religion of France
-Huguenots had rights -
-trading company
-brought spices to Europe from Asia -
Barouque Art
-art conveyed religious messages -
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-Tudor dynasty ends
-Cromwell is removed from power -
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-separated religion and politics
-France gained territory
-German states could choose religions -
-revolution succeeds
-Oliver Cromwell comes to power -
Absolutism
- rulers ruled with complete control and limitless power -
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Rise of Prussia
-Prussia gained territory from Peace of Westphalia
-Frederick turned the duchy into a kingdom -
-includes 3 Laws of Motion
-explains gravity -
-William and Mary invited by Parliament to take over throne
Peter the Great
-Peter the Great westernized Russia -
Rise of Russia
-needed warm water ports
-westernization by Peter the Great, and later Catherine the Great -
-made loans
-issued "banknotes" -
Rise of the Middle Class
-Middle Class began to form as an outcome of the Industrial Revolution in the middle of the 18th century -
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Rococo Art
-started in Paris
-in response to regulations of Barouque Art
-more light colors and less rigid -
-Charles VI didn't have a male heir
-feared consequences of Maria Theresa taking throne -
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-Britain gained Canada, Florida, and lands east of the Mississippi
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-13 Colonies revolt agaisnt Great Britain -described how nations gained wealth
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-storming of the Bastille prison
-National Assembly -
Age of Revolutions
-revolutions took place in multiple countries
-French, British, and American Revolutions -
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-advocates for education for girls in opposition to popular belief
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-overthrows French government
-bicameral legislative assembly -
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-Napoleon exile
-Congress of Vienna creates balance of powers -
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-another French Revolution
-revolution in Germanic States
-upheaval in Austrian Empire
-Revolts in Italian states -pointed out probelms with capitalism -
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Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851
-Britain held the first industrial fair as a symbol of its success -
British Imperialism
-Britain colonizes other countries for raw materials to make finished goods -
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German Unification
-Many small areas unified as the larger nations
-Europe was becoming unified as the European Community (EC) -
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-international exhibition
-first World Fair exhibition of culture and industry -
-British forced new ideas and Christianity on the Indian people
-large parts of India rebelled against British authorities -
-explains theory of organic evolution
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-Cavour was prime minister of Northern Italy
-Garibaldi wanted unification in Southern Italy -Russian serfs could own land and marry as they please -
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-Karl Marx was dominant member of General Council -French socialist government
-didn't last very long -
Berlin Conference
-nations met to regulate colonization and trade in Africa -
-explains 3 types of dreams
-describes dreams as "wish fulfillment" -
-spacetime
-speed of light -Russian troops killed peaceful portestors
-Constitutional Monarchy didn't last long -
-troubles in the Balkans
-assasination of Archduke Ferdinand -
World Wars
-Germany and Austria-Hungary adopted militarism, leading to conflicts with the other nations
-Germany having to pay reparations from WW1 led to WW2 -
-Bolsheviks led by Lenin
-provisional government -
-reparations for Germany
-Germany lost territory and much of its army -
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-radical authoritarian nationalism
-removed restraints against his power -
-Stock Market Crash
-unemployment
-downturn in domestic economies
-inflation -
-MEIN KAMPF
-anti-semitism
-became politician after WW1 -
-Germany gained part of Czechoslovakia
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-Soviet Union invaded Poland
-Germany begins occupying other areas -
-nuclear bombs dropped in Japan
-Yalta Conference -preserving world peace -
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-military alliance
-western Europe, U.S., Canada -
-common market for coal and steel
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-strokes and heart attakcs from heavy smoking
-led to rivalry for vacant position -
-takes over after Stalin's death -major threat to Soviets
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-eliminated customs barriers
-large free-trade area -first artificial satellite in space
-triggered Space Race -
-current constitution in France
-President elected directly by the people -
-separated Berlin
-cut-off East and West Germany and Berlin -
-Soviet missiles in Cuba
-American blockade -
-relations between Roman Catholic Church and modern world
-renewed Catholic doctrine in modern way -
-student unions protested -time of liberalization
-Warsaw Pact invaded -
-improve relations between West and Communist areas
-sovereign equality -
-helped end Communist rule
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-Soviet Afghan forces agaisnt two alliances
-many Afghans fled to other countries -Iron Lady
-first female prime minister -
-trade union
-first in Warsaw Pact not controlled by Communist Party -
-final leader of Soviet Union
-attempted to revive Soviet economy -
-end of division between East and West Germany -Revolutions of 1989
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-failed economy
-local nationalism -ethnic conflict
-series of wars -
-led to Euro
-pillar structure -
-common currency in most of Europe and European areas
-
-hijacked planes crashed into Pentagon and Twin Towers
-led by Osama bin Laden
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