-
1 CE
Neutrality
-the state of not supporting or helping either side in a conflict, disagreement, etc.; impartiality. -
1 CE
Lusitania
-a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England. -
1 CE
Demilitarized Zone
-A region between countries in which no military activity is permitted. -
1 CE
Militarization
-A society organized around preparing for military conflict. -
1 CE
Stalemate
- A military situation in which neither side can gain an advantage.
-
1 CE
Containment
-America's policy of stopping communism from spreading. -
1 CE
Capitalism
-An economic system based on private property, including private ownership of the means of production, and the profit motive. -
1 CE
Communist
-System of gov't in which a single party controls a state-owned economy. -
1 CE
38th Parallel
-Divides North and South Korea -
1 CE
United Nations
-International peace-keeping organization after World War 2 -
1 CE
Truman Doctrine
-The policy that America would provide economic and military aid to any nation fighting communism. -
Central Powers
-Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. -
Maine
-militarism, alliance, imperialism, nationalism, extreme leaders -
"The Spark"
- The assassination of Franz Ferdinand from Austria-Hungary
-
Allied Powers
-Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States. -
Reasons Why the US Entered WW1
-Stalemate, unrestricted sub warfare u-boats. -
Weapons used in WW1
-tanks, chemical gas, machine guns -
Trench Warfare
soldiers were put into trenches with horrible conditions of trench foot, dead bodies had to be stepped on, etc. -
Period: to
Events Prior to WW1
-the US wanted to remain neutral.
-Pres. Wilson encouraged neutrality in "though and action".
-US traded with both sides, but ties with Great Britain were strongest.
-Great Britain spread Anti-German propaganda to the US.
-Germany began submarine warfare.
-The sinking of the Lusitania (May 7, 1915)
-Sussex Pledge was created to keep Germany from sinking ships without warning them first.
-Germany resumed unrestricted warfare.
-Zimmerman Note (March 1, 1917)
- US declared war in 1917. -
Period: to
Causes of WW1
MAINE
-Militarism
-Alliance
-Imperialism
-Nationalism
-Extreme Leaders
3 Main Causes of WW1:
-The assassination of Franz Ferdinand
-Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
-Stalemate
Powers:
Central Powers- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, (US would join shortly) -
The Sinking of Lusitania
-Germany sunk our ship that was called the Lusitania in 1915 -
Russian Revolution
The Western Front
-First Battle of the Marne
-German invasion of France halted at the Marne River for 3 years from 1914 to 1917.
Battle of the Somme
-British offensive on the Germans, July 1916
-Introduction of the tank
-The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II.
-They were led by a group of revolutionaries called the Bolsheviks. -
Period: to
After WW1 Ended
-Wilson sought "peace without victory".
-Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)
-Empires were destroyed and ethnic groups were united.
-A League of Nations was made.
-Wilson's 14 points
-Germany was blamed for WW1.
-They were asked to pay $33 billion in reparations and were forced to give up large amounts of land.
-League of Nations was eventually rejected. -
1920's Transition for Women- great Liberation Movement
- A small minority expressed their independence by becoming flappers -Many sought new employment opportunities -Some began demanding greater equality in the marriage partnership
-
1920's Woodrow Wilson
-sickly during the 20's due to a stroke suffered in 1919 while on a speaking tour trying to promote the League of Nations directly to the U.S. people
- Wilson's wife Edith unofficially took over the reigns of power -
1920's Harding's Presidency
-Harding was elected president after Wilson died
-Harding had an isolationist desire
-He promised a "return to normalcy"
-Signed a strict immigration quota law
-He had a loose leadership and was a poor public speaker
-Chose some corrupt cabinet members-- his "Ohio Gang"
-His Secretary of Interior Albert Fall was responsible for the "Teapot Dome Scandal"
-Harding supported high tariffs, making it difficult for allies to pay war debts
-He never controlled Congress as a strong president would -
1920's Calvin Coolidge's Presidency
-Industrial prosperity is his #1 priority, believed in laissez-faire policy
-Called the 20's the "Business Decade"
-Believed in the "Trickle Down" economic theory
-Ignored farmers & labor
-Poor public relation skills
-Was named "Silent Cal"
-Anti-Progressive
-Declined his party's offer for nomination in 1928 (Did he foresee problems ahead?) -
1920's Herbert Hoover's Presidency
-A self-made millionaire by age 40
-Served as Harding's Secretary of Commerce
-Created Federal Farm Board
-Positive thinker-spoke often of prosperity (even after the "crash")
-The Stock Market crashed 8 months into presidency-bad timing
-Appeared inactive & insensitive during the Great Depression
-Preached "rugged individualists"---> "No Gov't Handouts" (relief)
-Served until 1933
-Ended "Republican Era" -
1920's Teapot Dome Scandal
-The Teapot Dome was in Wyoming
-In 1921 Harding became the 29th president
-Doheny was part of the Pan American Petroleum Company
-April 14th, 1992 was when it was revealed that that Fall has secret and illegal deals
-In 1927 Albert Fall pleaded guilty and was put into prison -
1920's Isolationism
-a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. -
Ku Klux Klan
- American white supremacist hate group
- The Klan has existed in three distinct eras at different points in time during the history of the United States -Originated in Arkansas
-
1920's Jazz Age
-cultural period and movement that took place in America during the 1920s from which both new styles of music and dance emerged
-Largely credited to African Americans employing new musical techniques along with traditional African traditions
-The Jazz Age was during the Harlem Rennaissance -
1920's Speakeasies
-(during Prohibition) an illicit liquor store or nightclub
-many people who wanted to drink alcohol went to speakeasies -
1920's Bootleggers
-bootleggers are people who illegally sold alcohol to people during the era of prohibition. -
1920's Rural Conservatives vs. Urban Liberals
-Role of women "traditional' vs. "Flappers"
-Prohibition (18th amendment) "Drys" vs. "Wets"
-The economy: "cash" vs. "credit"
-Individual rights: "All are not equal" vs. "equality for all humans"
-Man's origin: "fundamentalism" vs. "Evolutionary Theory"
-The car and radio sped up this clash -
Transition from a Cash Economy to a Credit Economy
-Attitude: "Be young, play, buy now, pay later"
-Excessive advertising became big business
-Installment Buying became all the rage
-Industries Prospered farmers suffered
-Stock Market boomed
-Brokers allowed investors to buy stock "on margin" with as little as 10% down; the remainder was borrowed from the broker (margin loan) -
1920's Transition from War to Peace
-Isolationist spirit was strong after ww1
-The US rejected the Treaty of Versailles fearing involvement in the League of Nations would be another entangling alliance
-Efforts were made to outlaw war itself
-Nationalism swept over the country following ww1
-Xenophobia: fear of immigrants and nativism intensified
-Red: communists and anarchists (those against the government)
-Terrors of the Ku Klux Klan emerged -
1920's Transition from Rural to Urban
-51% lived in cities
-Farms changed: larger, fewer and more mechanized.
-Black MIgration North: filled factory jobs during ww1
-Land shortage: frontier closed in 1890
-Urban attractions: faster pace; entertainment; better jobs
-Automobile's impact: expanded living & working opportunities liberated rural families, created jobs in related industries
-Conservatives: those who didn't like change. They tended to be more rural
-Liberals: those who preferred newer, modern ways of life -
WW2: Key Nations at War
Allies: Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, United States
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan -
Causes of the Great Depression
Industry
-Certain industries were no longer making profits (railroad,
steel and coal), due to foreign competition
-New sources of energy caused a decline in the use of
coal.
-New home construction also declined, which had a trickle
down effect on other industries such as lumber, furniture, and
appliances.
Agriculture
-Farming suffered the most throughout the 1920s. (result of
World War I)
-During WWI, farmers grew a surplus of food. After the war, the demand for farm products fell. -
The Great Depression Stock Market in the 1920s
-Stocks are shares or parts of a company, whose prices are always changing. When you buy stocks, it is like you are gambling on a company, hoping it will do well.
-During the 1920s, people were buying on the margin. People bought stocks while only paying a fraction of the stock's value. Stockbrokers would loan buyers the remainder of the cost.
-People were also trying to get rich quickly through stock market speculation. This is a way of gambling with short-term investments. -
The Great Depression The Crash of 1929
-On October 24, 1929, the New York Stock Market of Wall Street collapsed. It fell even further on the 29th (Black Tuesday). Stockbrokers continually wanted to sell their stocks, few wanted to buy them. As a result, stock prices fell rapidly.
-As long as stock prices had been going up, brokers loaned out money. But when stock prices went down, brokers began to call in the loans they had lent they had lent to speculators. -
City Life During the Great Depression
-City life was greatly changed after the banks started to fail. People by the millions lost their jobs, were evicted from their houses or apartments and reduced to living in the streets.
-Shantytowns of Hoovervilles sprang up across the country on the outskirts of cities. People were forced to live milk crates, shacks, and rusted out cars.
-In order to eat, people stood in bread lines or went to soup kitchens to get a handout. However, people sometimes had to resort to digging through trash. -
Family Life in the Great Depression
-Men who had been the wage earners now suffered because they saw themselves as failures b/c they couldn’t support their families. Many became hoboes, wandering the country.
-Children may have had it the worst, with many not only suffering from malnutrition, but also being forced to leave childhood early, either to find work to support their family or to leave home altogether to ease their family’s burden. -
Causes of the Great Depression cont.
Consumer Spending
-Many lived on credit, “buy now and pay later”. This created large debt, which led to consumers to cut back.
Uneven Wealth Distribution
-Top 5% of Americans controlled all of the wealth in the nation.
Stock Market
-Many investors engaged in speculation to make a quick profit and buying on margin.
-People thought that stock prices would continue to rise, but it backfired on them later.
-October 29, 1929- Black Tuesday- The stock market crashes &
the Great Depression begins! -
Roosevelt
-Brain Trust
-New Deal
-Direct Relief
-Deficit Spending
-Liberal Approach
-Appointed the first lady to Cabinet
-Elected President 4 Times
-Fireside Chats
-Democrat
-Court Packing Affair
-Adopted John Maynard Keynes Theory
-Created FDIC
-Ordered Bank Holiday
-3 R's
-21st Amendment -
The Great Depression The Crash of 1929 cont.
-This calling in of loans began to increase in Autumn of 1929. When speculators couldn't pay, stockbrokers lost money which had been loaned to them by banks. When the banks lost money, those who invested in the banks lost their savings. This allowed the crash to affect those had nothing to do with the stock market.
-Banks which had invested money in the stock market lost much in the crash and after. People panicked after the crashed and withdrew their savings from accounts didn't exist. -
3 R's- Roosevelt's New Deal Plans
Relief- Immediate action taken to halt the economy's deterioration.
Recovery- temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand.
Reform-permanent programs to avoid another depression and ensure citizens against economic disasters. -
Business Cycle
There are four phases in the business cycle:
-Expansion: a period of economic growth
-Peak: the height of expansion
-Contraction: a period of economic decline
-Trough: the lowest point of the contraction
The four following factors can affect the business cycle: investment in businesses, interest rates, consumer expectations, and external shocks. -
Period: to
Causes of the Great Depression
Dependence on Credit- people were relying too much on the buy now pay later system.
Unwise Foreign Policy- the U.S. passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in the 1930s stopping the flow of foreign goods into the U.S. through high taxes.
Failing American Farms/Agriculture- farmers, who had seen a boost in sales during WW1, saw a sharp drop in demand for crops after. AS SUPPLY GOES UP, PRICES GO DOWN.
Troubled American Industry- traditional industries had barely made a profit during the '20s. -
Period: to
Causes of the Great Depression cont.
Uneven Distribution of Income- during the '20s the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. The U.S. wealth was concentrated in a small percentage of the population. Not everyone participated in the economic boom of the '20s. This made the country unstable.
Stock Market Speculation -
Down on the Farm During the Great Depression
-The Great Plains had been overplanted during the 20s. Fields were used over and over, and the nutrients had been used up. No "cover crops" were planted to keep the soil down.
-When times of drought and wind storms came in the 30s, the soil became huge dust storms which blew across the plains. Farms were ruined as a result.
-Farmers had to pack up and move their families to places where jobs could be found.
-Places that were hit the hardest were called the Dust Bowl (KS, NM, CO, OK & TX) -
WW2: Agression in Asia
1931: Japan invaded Manchuria (NE province of China rich in minerals)
1937: Japan invaded China who was experiencing a Civil War
Japan needed raw materials especially oil to be #1 in Asia -
The Great Depression President Hoover's Response
-Hoover believed the Depression could be stopped through voluntary action, not direct relief.
-Despite Hoover's belief, the Depression worsened over the next two years.
-Hoover realizes his mistake and gets Congress to create the Reconstruction Finance Corp. in February 1932. It failed to help the common man immediately.
-Hoover got Congress to pass the Emergency Relief Act in July 1932. This was to give $300 million to state gov'ts, but again, not directly to the common man. -
The Great Depression The Bonus Army Crackdown
-Hoover not only angered people because of his handling of the economy. He also cracked down on the "Bonus Army".
- In the spring of 1932, between 10 and 20 thousand WW1 vets came to Washington to demand their war bonuses early.
-Hoover, at first listened, but in July he sent the army out against them to make them leave.
-This angered people further and led to Hoover's loss in the next presidential election. -
The Great Depression Roosevelt
-Created a "Brain Trust" of experts to advise him (beyond his cabinet)
-Appointed 1st woman to his cabinet: Frances Perkins
-Used media to fullest--"fireside chats"
-Ignored Traditional Conservative Approach of maintaining a balanced budget and cutting taxes and waiting for recovery -
The Great Depression New Deal
-Roosevelt came up with the New Deal to help relieve people from the Great Depression
-The gov't came up with experimental projects for the New Deal
-As unemployment rose, Roosevelt tried to incorporate his New Deal into the lives of Americans -
WW2: Doolittle Raid
James Dolittle led a raid on Tokyo with B-25 bombers
Helped boost American Morale
Showed the Japanese were not invincible
Inflicted little damage to the city -
WW2: Kristallnacht
-The Night of Broken Glass- anti-semitic riots in Germany and Austria
-30,000 Jews rounded up and taken to concentration camps
-Homes, businesses, and synagogues were destroyed -
WW2: Causes of WW2
Nationalism- Extreme pride in one's nationality or country
Militarism-Building weapons or a strong military
Fascism- a political philosophy, movement, or regime that exalts nation and often race above the individual and that stands for a centralized autocratic gov't headed by a dictatorial leader
Totalitarian Dictatorships- leaders who control all aspects of society -
WW2: Rise of the Nazi Party
-In 1920, Hitler helps form the Nazi Party
-Beer Hall Putsch: Hitler and his Nazis try to overthrow the new democracy in a large beer hall in Munich.
-16 of his men are killed. Hitler flees and is later arrested on high treason.
-Learns his lesson: must destroy democracy from within.
-Served 8 months and was released. -
WW2: Adolf Hitler
-Dictator: Adolf Hitler (Der Fuhrer or The leader)
-Nazism is German Fascism
-Goals:
-Nationalism:
-Wanted to rebuild Germany
-Preached Vengeance against (4 hates)
-Jews (the source of all evil & problems in Germany)
Imperialism:
A desire to unite all people of German ancestry (Blood & language)
“Lebensraum” (a desire for more living space) needed to build his empire he
called The Third Reich
Militarism:
Created the “Nazi War Machine
Built #1 military in the world -
WW2: Axis Powers
-Germany, Italy, & Japan became known as the Axis Powers
once the war began. AKA the Bad Guys! -
WW2: Facist Italy
-Dictator: Benito Mussolini (Il Duce = The Leader)
-Goals:
-Nationalism
-Wished to rebuild the ancient Holy Roman Empire
-Imperialism:
-Felt betrayed by the Allies at the Treaty of Versailles Conference due to a promise of land for joining the Allies that was not kept
-Wanted to control lands around the Mediterranean Sea
-“Mare Nostrum” = Our Sea
-Militarism:
-Formed the Rome-Berlin Axis (alliance) with Germany in 1936 -
WW2: Japan
-Dictators:
-Hideki Tojo: Military Leader & Prime Minister Emperor Hirohito: Political & Spiritual figurehead
-Goal
-Nationalism:
-Japan wanted to be #1 in Asia
-Goal: Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere: name for power in Asi
-Imperialism:
-To be #1 in Asia, they needed oil and raw materials
-Wanted China’s land (and others) to obtain oil and raw materials
-Militarism:
-Built up the strongest military regime in Asia
-Soldier’s motto: “Death before Dishonor” -
WW2: Others
-Spain: Franco’s fascists won the Spanish Civil War
-Soviet Union: Joseph Stalin took control of the communist nation
-Germany, Italy, & Japan became known as the Axis Powers
once the war began. AKA the Bad Guys! -
WW2: Poor Decisions
-Poor Decisions were made by the powerful democracy
-France & Great Britain adopted a policy of appeasement
-The League of Nations would prove ineffective; lacked a military
-U.S.: Isolationism & Depression kept our focus on U.S. concerns; once aggression began we claimed to be neutral.
-Nationalism + Imperialism + Militarism = Aggression Extreme Aggression = War! -
WW2: Agression in Europe
-Italy invaded Ethiopia and took control in 193
-Germany
-1936: Hitler sent troops
-1938: Hitler annexed Austria & demanded the Sudetenland (W. Czech)
1938: Munich Conference (Germany, Italy, Britain, & France
Goal: To stop further German aggression in Europe
Result: The Munich Pact gave Hitler the Sudetenland if he promised to end territorial demands
March 1939: Germany took rest of Czechoslovakia (appeasement failed)
1939: Hitler & Stalin signed a “Non-Aggression Pact” -
WW2: War in Europe (Early Period)
War in Europe (Early Period)
Sept. 1, 1939: Germany invaded Poland with blitzkrieg attack (WWII begins)
France & Great Britain declare war
“Phony War” Period (“Sitzkrieg”) ---> Sept 1939-April 1940
April, 1940: Germany resumed “Blitzkrieg” attacks
Neutral nations fell quickly ---> Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway
France fell to Hitler in late June 1940
June, 1941: Hitler double crossed Stalin and invaded Russia through Poland
Big Mistake! Stalin used Scorched Earth military tactic -
WW2: Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7th, 1941: Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
U.S. Pacific Fleet was based at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii
Attack was meant to cripple U.S. fleet so couldn’t interfere with Japan
Six aircraft carriers and 353 Japanese planes attacked in two waves
2,403 died (1,177 killed on the U.S.S. Arizona
U.S. declared war on Japan the next day
Germany & Italy declared war on the U.S. on Dec 8, 1941 (Tripartite Pact)
The U.S. was officially in the war! (Isolationism was over) -
WW2: Key Victories for the Allies
Battle of Midway:
Japanese hoped to use Midway as a base to neutralize Pearl Harbor
Balance of power in the Pacific shifted towards the Allies
Battle of Guadalcanal:
The Japanese advance was stopped
All momentum shifted to the U.S.
Battle of Iwo Jima:
20,500 Japanese killed and 6,000 U.S. lives lost
Put Americans within striking distance of Japanese home islands
Possible Options for Finishing off the Japanese:
Use of the Atomic Bomb (secret) -
WW2: The A-Bomb Project
1939: German scientists split uranium atoms, creating a nuclear
reaction
May ’42: FDR created a secret $2B A-bomb program ---> Manhattan
Project
600,000 workers and world famous scientists contributed (a race was
underway)
Albert Einstein – German refugee (Jewish)
Enrico Fermi – Italian refugee
J.R. Oppenheimer – American Jew (Scientific Director)
Dec. 1942: The U.S. program successfully created a nuclear
reaction
The actual bombs were constructed in a lab in Los Alamos, New
Mexico -
WW2: D-Day
General Eisenhower planned D-Day for June 6, 1944
Allied invasion across English Channel into Normandy, France
Largest military invasion in history
Allies success allowed them to push further into France -
WW2: Battle of the Bulge
Hitler’s last major offensive
Allies were pushing from the West (from France), South through Italy, and from the East (Soviets)
Germany was surrounded -
WW2: The Atom Bombs
President Truman relied on advisers, but Truman made the final decision
Gen. Eisenhower advised against using the bombs
Saving U.S. lives & $ and shorten the war by 12-18 months
The fact that conventional warfare had not forced a Japanese surrender, despite high casualties
Estimates that Japan still had 4 million soldiers ready to fight and die
(*The Soviet Union was scheduled to enter the war against Japan on Aug 8, 1945)
Preventing its future use by using it now (deterrent) -
WW2: The Atom Bombs
The Defeat of Japan in 1945
Aug 6: Little Boy was dropped from the B-29 bomber nicknamed the
Enola Gay, exploding 2000 feet above Hiroshima (100,000 died)
Aug 9: Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki (100,000 died)
Aug 14: V-J Day; Sept 2, 1945: Japan signed the unconditional
surrender! -
WW2: Results of the Atom Bombs
Result: The Allies had won World War II. The war literally ended with a bang and no country has used the atomic bomb since Nagasaki. Peace would be short-lived, however, as tensions with the Soviet Union were on the rise which would begin the Cold War. -
WW2: The Atom Bombs
Following V-E Day (May 8, 1945) Allied leaders agreed to meet in Potsdam,
Germany
Purpose: To decide the fate of post-war Europe and how to defeat Japan
July 16, 1945: While at the Potsdam Conference, Truman received news that:
The “Trinity Test” in Alamogordo, New Mexico had succeeded
2 more bombs had been produced, and others were on the way
Stalin did not seem surprised when Truman told him. Why? He knew
July 26, 1945: Allies warned Japan to surrender or face prompt & utter
destruction
