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TURNING POINT: makes Europe dominant continent for next 500 years Columbian Exchange: Potatoes, Corn, Tobacco brought to Europe, coffee, sugar, horses, cows, pigs, small pox brought to Americas
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Split South America for Spain and Portugal; brokered by the Pope
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-Brings weapons, swords, cannon, armor, horses, dogs, Indian allies, diseas
-Aztecs think he's Montezuma, the mythical God who was banished - to return
- Driven from the city by the Aztecs -
Returns with 1,000+ indian allies
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1539 - 1542
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1540 - 1542
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-Founded in Virginia, which was named such for Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen"
-Challenges Spain/Spanish new land - Spanish armada attacks 1588 -
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-Virginia Company is a "joint stock" company (multiple investors)
-recieves charter from King James
-looking for gold
-colonists retain all rights of Englishmen
-Jamestown is in a bad location - disease
-poor relations with Native Americans (Powhaton Confederacy)
-on again, off again war
-Native America weaknesses: disease, disorganization, disposability -
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-financed by Dutch East India Co.
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first form of representative government
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-James I wants to get rid of separatists
-Separatists go to Netherlands, but don't like losing their culture
-sail off course on way to New World
-squatters
-Mayflower Compact (agreement) -
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-Peter Stuuyvesant is governor of New Amsterdam
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-well financed - 11 ships, 1,000 settlers
-wealthier, better educated than pilgrims
-free members of Puritan church can vote for representatives
-limited democracy - liberal for the times -
-haven for Catholics
-Indentured servants (white) -
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-goes to Rhode Island, then New York
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Colonization is ignored, but renewed with more intensity after the Restoration
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- Roger Williams - believed Indians should be paid for land, civil government cannot regulate religious behavior -separation of Church and states -most religiously tolerant colony -against all priviledge -all male suffrage -freedom of opportunity -colony of dissenters - individualistic, independent
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All Christians allowed in Maryland
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-charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island are against Massechusetts Bay Colony
-King appoints Sir Edward Andros
-Andros restricts press, courts, and town meetings
-Navigation Acts - England as middle man
-New England overthrows Andros
-New England monarchs relax colonial enforcement
-Navigation Acts get "salutary neglect" -
-Thomas Hooker
-Fundemental Orders of Connecticut - first written constitution -
-8 Proprietors
- close relationship with west Indies
- Capture Indians and sell as slaves to West Indies
- Rice - needs black slaves (immune to malaria)
-Charlestown - aristocrats
-Constant trouble with Spanish Florida -
-takes colony without warfare
-becomes New York and New York City -
-1675 - 1676
-alliance of Indian tribes
-frontier settlement destroyed
-eventually defeated - end of real NA resistance in New England -
-Started by impoverished freemen (former indentured servants with little opportunity)
-Nathaniel Bacon attacks Jamestown
-Gentry vs. Backcountry frontiersmen -
-charter from king
-fishing and trade -
-advertising - diversity
-good relations with Native Americans
-Liberal: freedom to worship (Catholics and Jews could not vote), representative assembly, treason and murder only capital offenses, no limits on immagration, no tax supporting state church -
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-poorer Virginians
-squatters
-different from aristocrats in VA or SC
-more democratic colony -
-buffer zone between Spanish Florida and French Louisiana and English colonies
-Kind George III
-George Oglethorpe - founds Georgia as a haven for debtors
-slow growing
-Savannah, GA (mix of people, but no Catholics) -
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England is in debt
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-Great Britain gets all French land east of Mississippi and Canada, and Florida from Spain
-Spain gets all land west of Mississippi, including New Orleans
-France keeps Islands in West Indies and 2 fishing posts in Canada -
-kill 2,000 soldiers and settlers
-biological warfare -
No settlers allowed in Ohio Valley
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-indirect tax
-lowered after protests -
-direct tax English position on taxation: colonists are English citizens, people in England pay higher taxes, colonists should pay for war Colonial position on taxation: principle of taxation, liberty threatened - tried in English courts, no need for soldiers
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Parliament can still tax colonies
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-reaction to the Townshend acts (some protests, soldiers sent to Boston)
-5 dead colonists
- propaganda
-trial of British soldiers - John Adams as lawyer
-Townshend acts repealed by PM North -
-Parliament gives British East Inida Company monopoly of the tea trade
-Lower price of tea, even without the tax -
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-Boston Harbor closed until tea is paid for
-close town meetings in Mass
-New Quartering Act
-British troops tried in England -
-Gave French Canadians right to maintain their culture and religiou and some land in Ohio Valley
-Colonists angry because: they're anti-Catholic, Canada has no democracy/representative government, there's a land issue -
-Reaction to Intolerable Acts
-Philadelphia
-"the Association" - no import/export/consumption of British goods
-no independence -
-British troops leave Britain for Concord to arrest Hancock and Sam Adams, and to confiscate weapons
-several colonists dead -
-Continental Army
-Propose George Washington as leader, because: wealthy Virginian, military experience, leadership abilities -
-point cannons towards Boston
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-failed
-B. Arnold wounded -
-major morale boost
-British strategy (war of posts) proven to be a failure -
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-theory of government
-all men created equal
-all men endowed with certain unalienable rights
-life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
-goverments created to protect these rights - comes from the consent of the governed
-when government fails to protect these rights, people have the right to abolish it -
-invasion is successful, but Gen William Howe could have captured and destroyed Washington's army; did not
-Howe doesn't followe Washington: winter, bleieves Washington is beat, luxury of NYC
-Washington - all seems lost, morale is low -
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-Trenton, NJ
-total victory -
-Goal - split off New England from rest of colonies (divide and conquer 0 object is Albany NY
-Three pronged attack: Johnny Burgoyne from North, Barry St. Leger from West, Howe from South -
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-Howe winters in Philly, Washington winters at Valley Forge
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-Burgoyne had been being harassed by Benedict Arnold
-Forced to surrender entire army to General Horatio Gates -
-American treaty with France, Spain and Holland join later
-France provides weapons, soldiers, money, NAVY
-international war -
-fear of French fleet
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-draw
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-shift war to South
-Loyalists -
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Kings Mountain: Nathaniel Greene, Oct 1780
Cowpens: Daniel Morgan, Jan 1781 -
-no executive govt, judicial stuff left to states
-legislature: one house congress, each state has 1 vote, needs 9 states to pass legislature, unanimous to amend articles
-weak on puropse- fearful of tyranny
-state is sovereign -
-peninsula
-Cornwalllis (British) goes to resupply
-Washington and Richenbeau rush to meet him
-Adm. de Grasse seals off Sea Route
-Last major North American battle
-After Yourktown, George III wants to keep fighting
-Whigs take Parliament and force a peace -
-Franklin, Adams, John Jay are diplomats in Paris
-Intructed by Congress to do no separate peace treaty outside of those organized by France
-French, Spanish, American interests are in conflict
-England offers generous terms - make separate peace with England
-Florida returned to Spain
-US agrees to pay Loyalists for property and to pay all debts owed to England
-British agree to remove troops from Ohio Valley -
-first treaty with Americans and Native Americans
-George Roger Clark captures British forts in Ohio Valley -
-sell land to pay off national debt
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-federal government can do nothing
-defeated by Massachusetts military -
organize territories - subordinate to federal govt
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-scrap articles
-new constitution -
Cabinet: Jefferson secretary of state, Hamilton secretary of treasury, Knox secretary of War
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-Hamilton gets assumption
-Madison and the South get the capital -
-Western PA farmers
-tax similar to ENgland taxing colonies
-Jefferson sympathetic
-Washingtom/Hamilton organize army to crush rebellion
-Compare to Shay's rebellion - Federal govt much more able -
-Inherent Powers
-In regard to whether or not to support France in its war against England -
-Issues: impressment, giving arms to NA, British tariff on US goods
-US concedes on most points in England agrees to leave NW and to pay for confiscated cargo
-keeps US out of war
-betting on ENgland over France as future power -
Spain concedes use of New Orleans and 31st parallel line as northern boundary of Florida
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-French demand bribe
-Hamiltonians want war
-Jeffersonians don't want war
-Adams wants to avoid war
"millions for defense, not one cent for tribute" -
-Federalist attempt to silence criticism
-changes from 5 to 14 year requirement for citizenship
-false, scandelous, or malicious statements against govt are prohibited
-infringes on 1st amendment
-more about states rights than sedition -
-To resolve issues over the Treaty of Alliance 1778
-Napoleon in power - wants peace -
-assume nullification - if federal govt passes unconstitutional legislation, state can nullify
-setting framework for sucession -
annuls Treaty of Alliance