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Oct 12, 1492
Columbus lands in the Bahamas
TURNING POINT: makes Europe dominant continent for next 500 years Columbian Exchange: Potatoes, Corn, Tobacco brought to Europe, coffee, sugar, horses, cows, pigs, small pox brought to Americas -
Jan 22, 1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Split South America for Spain and Portugal; brokered by the Pope -
Jan 22, 1513
Balboa discovers Pacific Ocean
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Jan 22, 1513
Ponce de Leon explores Florida
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Jan 22, 1519
Magella circumnavigates world
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Jan 22, 1519
Cortez arrives in Tenochtitlan
-Brings weapons, swords, cannon, armor, horses, dogs, Indian allies, diseas
-Aztecs think he's Montezuma, the mythical God who was banished - to return
- Driven from the city by the Aztecs -
Jan 22, 1521
Cortez conquers Tenochtitlan
Returns with 1,000+ indian allies -
Jan 22, 1532
Pizarro conquers Incas
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Jan 22, 1539
De Soto explores Mississippi River
1539 - 1542 -
Jan 22, 1540
Cornado explores Southwest and Central US
1540 - 1542 -
Roanoke founded by Sir Walter Raleigh
-Founded in Virginia, which was named such for Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen"
-Challenges Spain/Spanish new land - Spanish armada attacks 1588 -
Delaware separates from Pennsylvania
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VIrginia Company recieves charter and founds Jamestown
-Virginia Company is a "joint stock" company (multiple investors)
-recieves charter from King James
-looking for gold
-colonists retain all rights of Englishmen
-Jamestown is in a bad location - disease
-poor relations with Native Americans (Powhaton Confederacy)
-on again, off again war
-Native America weaknesses: disease, disorganization, disposability -
Starving Time
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Henry Hudson lands in NY
-financed by Dutch East India Co. -
First black slaves brought to Virginia
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House of Burgesses meets
first form of representative government -
Virginia charter revoked - becomes royal colony
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Separatists recieve charter from Virginia Company, sail Mayflower
-James I wants to get rid of separatists
-Separatists go to Netherlands, but don't like losing their culture
-sail off course on way to New World
-squatters
-Mayflower Compact (agreement) -
celebrate first thanksgiving
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New Netherlands established with New Amsterdam
-Peter Stuuyvesant is governor of New Amsterdam -
Puritans escape turmoil of England, fould Massachusetts Bay Colony
-well financed - 11 ships, 1,000 settlers
-wealthier, better educated than pilgrims
-free members of Puritan church can vote for representatives
-limited democracy - liberal for the times -
Lord Baltimore founds Maryland
-haven for Catholics
-Indentured servants (white) -
Pequot War
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Anne Hutchinson banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony
-goes to Rhode Island, then New York -
English Civil War
Colonization is ignored, but renewed with more intensity after the Restoration -
Phode Island recieves charter from Parliament
- Roger Williams - believed Indians should be paid for land, civil government cannot regulate religious behavior -separation of Church and states -most religiously tolerant colony -against all priviledge -all male suffrage -freedom of opportunity -colony of dissenters - individualistic, independent
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Maryland Toleration Act
All Christians allowed in Maryland -
English Restoration - Charles II takes control of colonies
-charters to Connecticut and Rhode Island are against Massechusetts Bay Colony
-King appoints Sir Edward Andros
-Andros restricts press, courts, and town meetings
-Navigation Acts - England as middle man
-New England overthrows Andros
-New England monarchs relax colonial enforcement
-Navigation Acts get "salutary neglect" -
Connecticut recieves charter from Kind
-Thomas Hooker
-Fundemental Orders of Connecticut - first written constitution -
Charter for Carolina
-8 Proprietors
- close relationship with west Indies
- Capture Indians and sell as slaves to West Indies
- Rice - needs black slaves (immune to malaria)
-Charlestown - aristocrats
-Constant trouble with Spanish Florida -
England sends warships to New Netherlands
-takes colony without warfare
-becomes New York and New York City -
Kind Philip's War
-1675 - 1676
-alliance of Indian tribes
-frontier settlement destroyed
-eventually defeated - end of real NA resistance in New England -
Bacon's Rebellion
-Started by impoverished freemen (former indentured servants with little opportunity)
-Nathaniel Bacon attacks Jamestown
-Gentry vs. Backcountry frontiersmen -
New Hampshire sparates from Massachusetts
-charter from king
-fishing and trade -
William Penn founds Pennsylvania
-advertising - diversity
-good relations with Native Americans
-Liberal: freedom to worship (Catholics and Jews could not vote), representative assembly, treason and murder only capital offenses, no limits on immagration, no tax supporting state church -
Massechusetts is a royal colony
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North Carolina separates from South Carolina
-poorer Virginians
-squatters
-different from aristocrats in VA or SC
-more democratic colony -
Oglethorpe recieves charter to found Georgia
-buffer zone between Spanish Florida and French Louisiana and English colonies
-Kind George III
-George Oglethorpe - founds Georgia as a haven for debtors
-slow growing
-Savannah, GA (mix of people, but no Catholics) -
Washington kills French diplomat in Ohio Valley
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Albany Congress meets
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Period: to
French and Indian War
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General Braddock is ambushed by Indians in the Ohio Valley
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British COmmander James Wolfe takes Quebec
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Montreal falls
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PM Greenville enforces Navigation Acts
England is in debt -
Treaty of Paris 1763
-Great Britain gets all French land east of Mississippi and Canada, and Florida from Spain
-Spain gets all land west of Mississippi, including New Orleans
-France keeps Islands in West Indies and 2 fishing posts in Canada -
Pontiac's Rebellion
-kill 2,000 soldiers and settlers
-biological warfare -
Proclamation Act of 1763
No settlers allowed in Ohio Valley -
Quartering Act
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Sugar Act
-indirect tax
-lowered after protests -
Stamp Act
-direct tax English position on taxation: colonists are English citizens, people in England pay higher taxes, colonists should pay for war Colonial position on taxation: principle of taxation, liberty threatened - tried in English courts, no need for soldiers -
stamp act repealed
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Declatory Act
Parliament can still tax colonies -
Bostom Massacre
-reaction to the Townshend acts (some protests, soldiers sent to Boston)
-5 dead colonists
- propaganda
-trial of British soldiers - John Adams as lawyer
-Townshend acts repealed by PM North -
Tea Act
-Parliament gives British East Inida Company monopoly of the tea trade
-Lower price of tea, even without the tax -
Boston Tea Party
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Intolerable Acts
-Boston Harbor closed until tea is paid for
-close town meetings in Mass
-New Quartering Act
-British troops tried in England -
Quebec Act
-Gave French Canadians right to maintain their culture and religiou and some land in Ohio Valley
-Colonists angry because: they're anti-Catholic, Canada has no democracy/representative government, there's a land issue -
First Continental Congress
-Reaction to Intolerable Acts
-Philadelphia
-"the Association" - no import/export/consumption of British goods
-no independence -
Lexington and Concord
-British troops leave Britain for Concord to arrest Hancock and Sam Adams, and to confiscate weapons
-several colonists dead -
Second Continental Congress
-Continental Army
-Propose George Washington as leader, because: wealthy Virginian, military experience, leadership abilities -
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold capture Fort Ticonderoga
-point cannons towards Boston -
Battle of Bunker Hill
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Olive Branch Petition rejected by King
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Invasion of Canada
-failed
-B. Arnold wounded -
Light fake fires to get around British
-major morale boost
-British strategy (war of posts) proven to be a failure -
British evacuate Boston; sail to Nova Scotia
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Declaration of INdependence signed
-theory of government
-all men created equal
-all men endowed with certain unalienable rights
-life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
-goverments created to protect these rights - comes from the consent of the governed
-when government fails to protect these rights, people have the right to abolish it -
General Howe invades NYC with 30,000 soldiers
-invasion is successful, but Gen William Howe could have captured and destroyed Washington's army; did not
-Howe doesn't followe Washington: winter, bleieves Washington is beat, luxury of NYC
-Washington - all seems lost, morale is low -
Period: to
Revolutionary War
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Crossing of the Delaware
-Trenton, NJ
-total victory -
New British Plan
-Goal - split off New England from rest of colonies (divide and conquer 0 object is Albany NY
-Three pronged attack: Johnny Burgoyne from North, Barry St. Leger from West, Howe from South -
British Col. Barry St. Leger defeated at Oriskany NY
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Howe catures Philadelphia, defeats Washington at Brandywin and Germantown
-Howe winters in Philly, Washington winters at Valley Forge -
Battle of Saratoga
-Burgoyne had been being harassed by Benedict Arnold
-Forced to surrender entire army to General Horatio Gates -
Treaty of Alliance
-American treaty with France, Spain and Holland join later
-France provides weapons, soldiers, money, NAVY
-international war -
British evacuate Philadellphia to NYC
-fear of French fleet -
Battle of Monmouth
-draw -
Benedict Arnold gives West Point plans to British
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New British Strategy
-shift war to South
-Loyalists -
British success at Savannah and Charleston
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American Victories at Kings Mountain and Cowpens
Kings Mountain: Nathaniel Greene, Oct 1780
Cowpens: Daniel Morgan, Jan 1781 -
Period: to
Articles of Confederation
-no executive govt, judicial stuff left to states
-legislature: one house congress, each state has 1 vote, needs 9 states to pass legislature, unanimous to amend articles
-weak on puropse- fearful of tyranny
-state is sovereign -
Yorktown
-peninsula
-Cornwalllis (British) goes to resupply
-Washington and Richenbeau rush to meet him
-Adm. de Grasse seals off Sea Route
-Last major North American battle
-After Yourktown, George III wants to keep fighting
-Whigs take Parliament and force a peace -
Treaty of Paris 1783
-Franklin, Adams, John Jay are diplomats in Paris
-Intructed by Congress to do no separate peace treaty outside of those organized by France
-French, Spanish, American interests are in conflict
-England offers generous terms - make separate peace with England
-Florida returned to Spain
-US agrees to pay Loyalists for property and to pay all debts owed to England
-British agree to remove troops from Ohio Valley -
Treaty of Fort Stanwix
-first treaty with Americans and Native Americans
-George Roger Clark captures British forts in Ohio Valley -
Land Ordinance of 1785
-sell land to pay off national debt -
Shay's Rebellion
-federal government can do nothing
-defeated by Massachusetts military -
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
organize territories - subordinate to federal govt -
Constitutional Convention
-scrap articles
-new constitution -
Period: to
Washington's Presidency
Cabinet: Jefferson secretary of state, Hamilton secretary of treasury, Knox secretary of War -
Compromise of 1790
-Hamilton gets assumption
-Madison and the South get the capital -
Whiskey Rebellion
-Western PA farmers
-tax similar to ENgland taxing colonies
-Jefferson sympathetic
-Washingtom/Hamilton organize army to crush rebellion
-Compare to Shay's rebellion - Federal govt much more able -
Proclamation of Neutrality
-Inherent Powers
-In regard to whether or not to support France in its war against England -
Jay's Treaty
-Issues: impressment, giving arms to NA, British tariff on US goods
-US concedes on most points in England agrees to leave NW and to pay for confiscated cargo
-keeps US out of war
-betting on ENgland over France as future power -
Pinckney's Treaty
Spain concedes use of New Orleans and 31st parallel line as northern boundary of Florida -
Adams elected president
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XYZ affair
-French demand bribe
-Hamiltonians want war
-Jeffersonians don't want war
-Adams wants to avoid war
"millions for defense, not one cent for tribute" -
Alien and Sedition Acts
-Federalist attempt to silence criticism
-changes from 5 to 14 year requirement for citizenship
-false, scandelous, or malicious statements against govt are prohibited
-infringes on 1st amendment
-more about states rights than sedition -
Adams sends secret peace mission to France
-To resolve issues over the Treaty of Alliance 1778
-Napoleon in power - wants peace -
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
-assume nullification - if federal govt passes unconstitutional legislation, state can nullify
-setting framework for sucession -
Convention of 1800
annuls Treaty of Alliance