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NAACP
NAACP stands for National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. This beneficial organization was founded on the 12th of February, 1909. Its original headquarters were located in Baltimore, Maryland. NAACP's main focus is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of people and to eliminate racism. The current president is Lorraine Miller, and there is around 300,00 members. Regional offices for the NAACP are located through out our nation. -
CORE
Congress of Racial Equality was first founded in the year of 1942 by James L. Farmer, Jr., George Houser, James R. Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack, and Joe Guinn. The very first members of this organization were 28 men and 22 women, a little more than half of them were white, The group sought to apply the principles of nonviolence as a tactic against segregation. Gandhi's teachings are what very first motivated these people. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The Montgomery Bus Boycott lasted fom December 1, 1955 through December 20, 1956. This was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the bus system in the cities. Rosa Parks, an African American woman was arested for sitting in the front of the bus, which triggered this civil rights movement. -
SCLC
This organization, SCLC, stands for Southern Christian Leadership Conference. It was founded on January 10, 1957. The organization was founded by many people, but the one most of us are most familiar with would be Martin Luther King, Jr. SCLC focussed mainly on advancing the cause of civil rights in America, but in a non-violent way. Martin Luther was the president until he was murdered in 1968. Other leaders involved with this program were Dr. Ralph David, Rev. T.J. Jemison, and I.M. Augustine. -
Little Rock Nine
This was a goup of African American students. They helped participate in desegregation of Little Rock Central High School. -
Sit-Ins
Sit-Ins began when four black Ameicans attended a whites only lunch. When they were reused service, the sat and patientally waited. Sit-in organizers believed they should elininate the violence. It was a strategic way of protesting segregation laws. -
SNCC
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee was an organization during the civil rights movement, The organization first began from a student meeting organized by Ella Baker held at Shaw University in April 1960. EventuallySNCC grew and gained many more participants, which was very beneficial. SNCC had projects in the states of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, and Maryland. -
Black Nationalism
Black Nationalism was a political and social movement. A black Muslim minister, Malcolm X supported black nationalism. Malcolm promoted a doctrine that called for complete separation from white society. He said, "The only way the black people who are in this society can be saved is not to integrate into this corrupt society but separate ourselves from it reform ourselves, lift up our moral standards and try to be godly" -
Freedom Riders
These activists rode interstate busses to segregrated southern states. This challenged the Supreme Court. The also challenged the status quo. They rebelled against the local laws. -
Violence in Birmingham
This movement was organized in 1963 by a leader of SCLC. The goal of this was to desegregate the city of Albany, Georgia. Results didn't turn out how the leader of this movement had anticipated. The failed SCLC campaign in Albany Movement was one of the causes of Violence in Birmingham. It Paved way for Civil Rights Act of 1964. -
March on Washington
This event in 1963 was attended by some 250,000 people.It was one of the lagest demonstations seen in our nation's capital. March on Washington was triggered by the nations outraged anger from the previous events in Bimingham. Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested and jailed during these protests. -
Bombing of Bimingham Church
On this date, a bomb exploded before Sunday morning services at the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. This church's congregation mostly included blacks. Peple were injured and killed duing te event. It drew attention to the dangerous struggle for civil rights for African Americans. -
2th Amendment
This amendment was crucial to the civil rights movement. It ended mandatory poll taxes that prevented many African Americans from having any political power. When it passed, five southern states still had poll taxes. -
Freedom Summer
This is also known as the Mississippi Summer Project. This movement was an attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi as possible. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi. This helped to aid many black families. -
Malcom X Assassination
Black nationalist leader Malcom X was preaching at Manhattan Audubon Ballroom when three gunman rushed him, shotting him fifteen times while he was speaking. The gunman were never found or charged. -
Selma to Montgomery March
On March 25th 1965, Martin Luther King led thousands of nonviolent African American protesters infront of the state capitol in Montgomery, Alabama. It was inspired after civil rights protestor, unarmed Jimmie Jackson was shot and killed but was manly intended for equal voting rights. Once they arrived in Montgomery, many were were attacked police with billy clubs and tear gas also becoming known as "Bloody Sunday". -
Voting Rights Act of 1965
An act of Congress outlawing literacy test and other tactics that had long been used to deny African Americans the right to vote. Weeks before the act was passed, civil rights protesters marched daily infront of Dallas County Courthouse causing many to get arrested. It later started to gain support around the country. -
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Watts Race Riots
Race riots in the town Watts (located in Los Angeles). It started when a young African American man was arrested for suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Bystanders gathered causing there to be tensions between police and the crowd. It suddlenly turned large-scale violent riot.There were over 30 deaths, 1,000 injuries, 3,400 arrests, and $40 million in property damage. -
Affirmative Action
Affirmative Action also known as positive discrimination is where minority groups a oppurtunity to improve their educational or employment. Most that joined in this effort had not been treated fairly. -
Black Panthers
The Black Panthers first originated in Califonia. They believed that the non-violent campaign of Martin Luther King had failed. These people thought that any promises or changes said to be made would take too long to be implemented or simply not introduced. -
Afrocentrism
Many African Americans thought black power ment taking pride in their African heritage. They mainly focused on history, culture and the achievements of the African People. It later became known as Afrocentrism. Scholars argued to have more African history taught in schools to balance the Eurocentric or European-centered history. In spirit of Afrocentrism many blacks started wearing traditional african clothing and wear their hair in a style called the afro. -
Race Riots in Detroit and Newark
In Newark, an African American man was drving a cab and drove around a cob car, then stopped interrogated, arrested and transported. During he arrested many civil right activists were enraged. They started throwing bricks and bottles causing a riot to break out. Over 20 people died and 1500 people were arrested. In Detriot police raided a home causing another riot to breakout. OVer 40 had been killed, 1000 injured and 700 arrrested -
Kerner Commission
In response to the riots, President Johnson established the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders to examine the cause of the riots. It later was known as the Kerner Commission. When the Commission emerged there was a lot of controversey. -
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination
While looking out of his hotel room in Memphis Tennensse, MLK was shot by a .30 caliber riffle bullet entering hid cheek, going through his neck and stopping in his shoulder blade. After being rushed to the hospital he was later pronounced dead. James Earl JAy, a white supremacist was convicted of killing King. After his death many riots broke out. -
Civil Rights Act of 1968
Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson,the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was a law banning the discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin or sex. Before the act was passed many congress kept residering .But the act was quickly passed after the assasination of MLK proving to be the final legislative accomplishment of the civil era. -
Swann v Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education
After segregation is schools was outlawed, many schools still stayed segregated due to where people lived. The problem was, not all the schools with African American's didn't get the same education like white schools. A man named James Swann wasn't sure this African American son was getting the same education as other white students, so he went to court. In the end, there was an unanimous decision making school busses to start desegregating schools. -
Regents of the University of California v Bakke
Regents of the University of California allowed only 16 out of 100 minority students. A 35 year old white males named Allen Bakke was rejegected frin this college not only one time but two. He decided to sue to school, taking the case to court. The ruling was in favor of Bakke violating the 14th amendment. This case is important because it shows that oclleges have the abilty to regulated racial diversity. -
Los Angeles Riots
On April 29th, 1992 a series of riots, looting and arsen brokeout in the Los Angeles area. The riots were spent over a six day period after a videotape of white officers beating a African American man named Rodney King. Over 50 people were killed and 2000 injured. The officers were charged with assault with a deadly weapon and use of excessive force.
