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1) The Royal Proclamation, 1763
proclamation- prevented any further settlement across North America until treaties had been negotiated with aboriginal peoples- recognized that aboriginals were organized nations on their own lands- basis for many modern aboriginal land claims -
1830 Reserve System
Reserve link- aboriginal peoples were seen as blocking future settlement of British North America and, as a result, were pushed on to reservations- sizes of the reserves were greatly reduced from previous occupied territories- living conditions on reserves are lower than the rest of Canada, life expectancy is lower, suicide rates are higher and money is controlled by the Chief and councils who do not always allocate money wisely or fairly- *during Confederation negotiations aboriginal leaders were not in -
1876 Indian Act
Indian act website- this was the government’s way of encouraging aboriginal peoples to give up their culture and traditions and assimilate them into the dominant culture- it provided schools, medical care, hunting and fishing rights and annual treaty payments to aboriginals- it exempted aboriginal peoples from paying income and sales tax and gave “special status” to aboriginals BUT- aboriginals were also denied the right to take up land, denied the right to vote in provincial elections and many claimed this ac -
1960 Aboriginal Right to Universal Suffrage
Aboriginal sufferage Indian Act Revisions, 1951
In 1951, the Indian Act was changed so that many of the most oppressive laws banning key customs - including potlatches, pow-wows or other cultural ceremonies - were no longer effective. Aboriginals were also now allowed to possess and drink alcohol for the first time, but only on their own reserves. Just as significant were changes made to the act allowing Aboriginals to sue the government over land claims. The provinces gained an increased role in determining India -
1968 National Indian Brotherhood
indian brotherhood linkThe Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a political organization representing FIRST NATIONS, those identified as bands under the INDIAN ACT and whose members have historically been referred to as INDIAN (see ABORIGINAL PEOPLE). The AFN's assemblies, held at least once a year, include seats for a chief from each First Nation. There are over 600 First Nations in Canada.
The AFN is led by a national chief, who is elected for a three-year term. The chief is assisted by an Executive Committee of ten r -
1969 White Paper
white paper link- introduced by the government to address the issues facing aboriginal peoples in Canada- proposed the abolition of reserves and an end to special status for treaty Indians- aboriginal community rejected this proposal (called it ‘cultural genocide’ as it was seen as an attempt to assimilate them into the dominant society
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1969 Residential School System Abolished but not all closed
mission schools link- under the Indian Act the federal government assumed responsibility for education of aboriginal children in Canada- children were taken from their homes and forced to abandon their culture and language, sometimes being abused in the process- Protestant and Catholic missionaries administered these schools- Native children lived in dormitories away from their parents and reserves-
- under the Indian Act the federal government assumed responsibility for education of aboriginal children in Canada- children were taken from their homes and forced to abandon their culture and language, sometimes being abused in the process- Protestant and Catholic missionaries administered these schools- Native children lived in dormitories away from their parents and reserves-
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Assembly of the First Nations
assembly of the first nationsThe Assembly of First Nations (AFN) emerged from and replaced the Canadian National Indian Brotherhood and is an assembly of First Nations represented by their chiefs. The aims of the organization are to protect and advance the aboriginal and treaty rights and interests of First Nations in Canada, including health, education, culture and language.
The self-formation of political organizations of indigenous peoples of North America has been a constant process over many centuries—the Iroquois Con -
1980s Movement toward Self Government
movement to self government link⇨ aboriginal peoples believe they have a right to self-government (making decisions about matters internal to their communities and integral to their culture, tradition, language, land and resources)⇨ The Constitution Act of 1982 guaranteed that the existing rights of aboriginals would be recognized and affirmed (aboriginals believe this includes the right to control traditional land, protect beliefs and culture and to have self-government) -
Oka Stand Off
oka standoff The Oka Crisis was a 78-day standoff (11 July–26 September 1990) between Mohawk protesters, police, and army. At the heart of the crisis was the proposed expansion of a golf course and development of condominiums on disputed land that included a Mohawk burial ground. Tensions were high, particularly after the death of Corporal Marcel Lemay, a police officer, and the situation was only resolved after -
Gustafsen Lake Standoff: 15 Charged
Gustafsen Lake link The trial took 10 months, its drama unfolding daily behind floor-to-ceiling bulletproof glass in the highest-security courtroom in British Columbia. Spectators passed through a metal detector before entering the B.C. Supreme Court in Surrey, a southeast suburb of Vancouver. Authorities deemed the precautions necessary given the event under review: a month-long armed sta -
1985 Passing of Bill C-31
bill c-32 linkBill C-31, or a Bill to Amend the Indian Act, passed into law in April 1985 to bring the Indian Act into line with gender equality under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It proposed modifications to various sections of the Indian Act, including significant changes to Indian status and band membership, with three major goals: to address gender discrimination of the Indian Act, to restore Indian status to those who had been forcibly enfranchised.
