-
Brown v Board of Education
School desegregation: courts beginning to affirm rights of minority citizens > if they can do the same with one group of minorities, why not another - for more information -
PL 88-164
Authorized funds for training professionals to work with children with special needs and for research and demonstration for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities -
for more information -
PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania - Court decided that children with intellectual and developmental disabilities could not be excluded from school and had the right to a free and appropriate public education - for more information -
Mills v Board of Education
The presumed absence of funds is not an excuse for failing to provide educational services to children with exceptionalities - for more information -
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Makes it illegal to deny participation in activities or programs solely because of a disability - Individuals with disabilities must have equal access to programs and services - Bridge between general and special education that addresses the needs of students who may not qualify for special education services under IDEA - for more information -
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Designed "to assure that all handicapped children have available to them a free appropriate public education which emphasized special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs" > federal funds to support this mandate - Six key principals: zero reject, nondiscriminatory evaluation, IEP, least restrictive environment, due process, parental participation - for more information -
Larry P. v. Riles
Children should not be placed into special education without adequate diagnosis that takes into account cultural and linguistic backgrounds - for more information -
Board of Education v. Rowley
Students with disabilities are entitles to an "appropriate" (not an "optimum") education > limit to special education resources - for more information -
Education of the Handicapped Amendments
Federal funds to develop plans and programs for children and their families from birth on - for more information -
Polk v. Susquehanna Intermediate Unit 16
Follow-up to Board of Education v. Rowley (1982) - special education services must provide sufficient support so the students with disabilities can benefit educationally - must be more than "de minimus" - for more information -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Extends civil rights to persons with disabilities - for more information -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
Holds schools and educators responsible for bringing ALL students to a minimum level of competency - Schools required to present test data to prove their effectiveness - Unfunded mandate for children with disabilities who struggle to meet the same competency measures as students who do not have disabilities - for more information -
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Reauthorization of Education of the Handicapped Act - Major changes: quality of personnel (increased funding for teacher training), IEP standards (increased funding for research-based practices), transition planning (post-school life) - for more information -
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
To strengthen health and economy > Provided one-time federal funds for IDEA early intervention services (birth-5) - for more information -
Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
Reauthorization/replacement for NCLB - Endorses UDL for meetings the needs of students with disabilities, encourages expanding personalized learning for students, creation of the National Center on Reading Issues focused on literacy and reading issues for students with disabilities, requires setting achievement targets and using evidence-based methods to help struggling groups of students (such as students in special education) - for more information