Artificial intelligence

By jackywu114

  • First Electronic Computer

  • Firsst Commercial stored Program Computer

  • Alan Turing (who introduced the universal Turing machine in 1936) published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", which suggested the Turing test as a way of operationalizing a test of intelligent behavior.

  • Claude Shannon published a detailed analysis of chess playing as search.

  • Isaac Asimov published his Three Laws of Robotics.

  • The first working AI programs were written in 1951 to run on the Ferranti Mark I machine of the University of Manchester: a checkers-playing program written by Christopher Strachey and a chess-playing program written by Dietrich Prinz.

  • John McCarthy coined the term "artificial intelligence" as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference, the first conference devoted to the subject.

  • The first demonstration of the Logic Theorist (LT) written by Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw and Herbert Simon (Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University). This is often called the first AI program, though Samuel's checkers program also ha

  • The General Problem Solver (GPS) demonstrated by Newell, Shaw and Simon

  • John McCarthy (Massachusetts Institute of Technology or MIT) invented the Lisp programming language.

  • Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes was held in the UK and among the papers presented were John McCarthy's Programs with Common Sense, Oliver Selfridge’s Pandemonium, and Marvin Minsky's Some Methods of Heuristic Programming an

  • Herb Gelernter and Nathan Rochester (IBM) described a theorem prover in geometry that exploits a semantic model of the domain in the form of diagrams of "typical" cases.

  • Ray Solomonoff lays the foundations of a mathematical theory of AI, introducing universal Bayesian methods for inductive inference and prediction.

  • James Slagle (PhD dissertation, MIT) wrote (in Lisp) the first symbolic integration program, SAINT, which solved calculus problems at the college freshman level.

  • First industrial robot company, Unimation, founded.

  • Thomas Evans' program, ANALOGY, written as part of his PhD work at MIT, demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given on IQ tests.

  • Leonard Uhr and Charles Vossler published "A Pattern Recognition Program That Generates, Evaluates, and Adjusts Its Own Operators", which described one of the first machine learning programs that could adaptively acquire and modify features and thereby ov

  • Edward Feigenbaum and Julian Feldman published Computers and Thought, the first collection of articles about artificial intelligence.

  • Danny Bobrow's dissertation at MIT (technical report #1 from MIT's AI group, Project MAC), shows that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

  • Joseph Weizenbaum (MIT) built ELIZA (program), an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English language on any topic. It was a popular toy at AI centers on the ARPANET when a version that "simulated" the dialogue of a psychotherapist was prog

  • J. Alan Robinson invented a mechanical proof procedure, the Resolution Method, which allowed programs to work efficiently with formal logic as a representation language.

  • Dendral program (Edward Feigenbaum, Joshua Lederberg, Bruce Buchanan, Georgia Sutherland at Stanford University) demonstrated to interpret mass spectra on organic chemical compounds. First successful knowledge-based program for scientific reasoning.

  • Ross Quillian (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Inst. of Technology, now CMU) demonstrated semantic nets.

  • Negative report on machine translation kills much work in Natural language processing (NLP) for many years.

  • Richard Greenblatt (programmer) at MIT built a knowledge-based chess-playing program, MacHack, which was good enough to achieve a class-C rating in tournament play.

  • Joel Moses (PhD work at MIT) demonstrated the power of symbolic reasoning for integration problems in the Macsyma program. First successful knowledge-based program in mathematics.

  • Stanford Research Institute (SRI): Shakey the Robot, demonstrated combining animal locomotion, perception and problem solving.

  • Terry Winograd's PhD thesis (MIT) demonstrated the ability of computers to understand English sentences in a restricted world of children's blocks, in a coupling of his language understanding program, SHRDLU, with a robot arm that carried out instructions

  • Jaime Carbonell (Sr.) developed SCHOLAR, an interactive program for computer assisted instruction based on semantic nets as the representation of knowledge.

  • Prolog programming language developed by Alain Colmerauer.

  • The Lighthill report gives a largely negative verdict on AI research in Great Britain and forms the basis for the decision by the British government to discontine support for AI research in all but two universities.

  • Edward H. Shortliffe's PhD dissertation on the MYCIN program (Stanford) demonstrated the power of rule-based systems for knowledge representation and inference in the domain of medical diagnosis and therapy. Sometimes called the first expert system.

  • Marvin Minsky published his widely-read and influential article on Frames as a representation of knowledge, in which many ideas about schemas and semantic links are brought together

  • Randall Davis demonstrated the power of meta-level reasoning in his PhD dissertation at Stanford.

  • The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented programming representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene-cloning experiments.

  • The MOLGEN program, written at Stanford by Mark Stefik and Peter Friedland, demonstrated that an object-oriented programming representation of knowledge can be used to plan gene-cloning experiments.

  • First National Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) held at Stanford.

  • Danny Hillis designs the connection machine, which utilizes Parallel computing to bring new power to AI, and to computation in general. (Later founds Thinking Machines, Inc.)

  • The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS), an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calc

  • The autonomous drawing program, AARON, created by Harold Cohen, is demonstrated at the AAAI National Conference (based on more than a decade of work, and with subsequent work showing major developments).

  • Around the same time, Rodney Brooks introduced the subsumption architecture and behavior-based robotics as a more minimalist modular model of natural intelligence.

  • Dean Pomerleau at CMU creates ALVINN (An Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network).

  • Major advances in all areas of AI, with significant demonstrations in machine learning, intelligent tutoring, case-based reasoning, multi-agent planning, scheduling, uncertain reasoning, data mining, natural language understanding and translation, vision,

  • Rodney Brooks, Lynn Andrea Stein and Cynthia Breazeal started the widely-publicized MIT Cog project with numerous collaborators, in an attempt to build a humanoid robot child in just five years

  • In the same year, one of Ernst Dickmann' robot cars (with robot-controlled throttle and brakes) drove more than 1000 miles from Munich to Copenhagen and back, in traffic, at up to 120 mph, occasionally executing maneuvers to pass other cars (only in a few

  • In the same year, one of Ernst Dickmann' robot cars (with robot-controlled throttle and brakes) drove more than 1000 miles from Munich to Copenhagen and back, in traffic, at up to 120 mph, occasionally executing maneuvers to pass other cars (only in a few

  • Interactive robopets ("smart toys") become commercially available, realizing the vision of the 18th century novelty toy makers.

  • The Nomad robot explores remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite samples.

  • OWL Web Ontology Language W3C Recommendation (10 February 2004).

  • The Dartmouth Artificial Intelligence Conference: The Next 50 Years

  • Release 1.0 of the OpenCyc top-level ontology engine is released as open source at sourceforge.net.

  • The Coming Superbrain

    The notion that a self-aware computing system would emerge spontaneously from the interconnections of billions of computers and computer networks goes back in science fiction at least as far as Arthur C. Clarke’s “Dial F for Frankenstein.” A prescient short story that appeared in 1961, it foretold an ever-more-interconnected telephone network that spontaneously acts like a newborn baby and leads to global chaos as it takes over financial, transportation and military systems.