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New England Colonies
The New England Colonies differed from Maryland and Virginia because of the lack of "merchantable colonies" so instead, it became a haven for Pretestand dissenters from England. These dissenters gave the colonies of the North a distinctive character -
Iroquois Confederacy
The Iroquois Confederacy was a 5 nation Native American fur trade company. The Dutch created an alliance with them while the French became their enemies by joining forces with the Huron Indians. This would later result in a 75 year long struggle between England and France -
French Fur Trade
When the French migrated to North America, Samuel de Champlain forged an Alliance with the Huron Indians which involved the French/French-Candadians in the fur trade. By the 1670's, the French were able to push to the mouth of the Mississippi and by 1682, Robert Sieur de La Salle claimed all of its watershed for France -
Royal Charters
Royal charters were issued by England's King James I (1603-25) tas a sort of patent put in place to conduct commerce or estalish a city for the colonization of the mid-Atlantic region to English joint stock companies -
Jamestown
In 1607, a group of London investors known as the Virginia Company sent ships to the temperate latitudes of the Chesapeake Bay, where a hundred men built a fort they named Jamestown in honor of the king -
Chesapeake Colonies
King James 1 issued a royal charter to a joint stock company known as the Virginia Company in 1607. It was here that Jamestown was founded and the story of Pocohontas began.The English were starved by the Indians and many lives were lost but eventually, by 1913, industries (tobacco) were able to take off . -
Tobacco
The enlgish controlled Virginia colonies used tobacco as a "merchantable commodity." John Rolfe developed a hybrid of North American and mild west Indian varieties and soon was commercially shipping it to England. The revenue created the first returns of investment form the Virginia company -
Headright Grants
Due to the demand of hand labor in cultivating tobacco, The Virginia Company instituted these grants /awards of large plantations on the condition that grant recipients transport workers from England at their own cost. This helped transfer more people to begin colonizing North America -
Pilgrims/Separatists
The first English colony in New England was founded by a group of religious dissenters known to later generations as the Pilgrims. The Pilgrims English separatists, people who believed the Anglican establishment so corrupt that they must establish their own independent church -
Puritans
John Calvin's followers were known as Puritans because they wished to purify and reform the ENlgish churches within. The puritans emphasized values such as enterprise and hard work and appealed especially to those groups-merchants, entrepeneurs, and commercial farmers- who were most responsible for the rapid, economic, and social transformation of England. They wre also the reviving communities by placing reform Christian congregations at their core to monitor behavior of individuals. -
Massachusetts Bay Colony
In 1629, a royal character was grante3d to a group pf wealthy Puritans who called their enterprise the Mass. Bay Company. The company was given exclusive rights to settle and to trade, as well as "religiously, peacably, and civilly" govern the territory and the native people between the Merrimack and Charles Rivers, from the Atlantic "to the south sea on the west part." AN advance of 200 settlers soon left for the fishing settlement Naumkeag on Mass. Bay, which they renamed Salem -
Proprietary Colony
In 1632, King Charles I granted 10 million acres at the Northern End of the Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert Family. They wre the sole owners of all the land which they planned to carve into feudal manors that would provide them with annual rents: this differed from Virgina becaue of its private ownership and because the proprieters were Catholic -
Navigations Acts
From 1659-1696, parliament passed a seriers of navigations acts which created the legal institutions strucutre of Britain's 18th century colonial system. MErchants from other nations were expressly forbidden to traide w/ the colonies -
Restoration Colonies
While retaining for itself certain significant powers of state, in 1660 a new royalist Parliament restored the Stuart monarchy, placing Charles II, son of the beheaded King on the thrown, One of Charle's most important acts awas the establishment of several new proprietary colonies in North AMerica, based on the momdel of the colony of Maryland. As this period in which the monarchy was re-established was the Restoration, these became known as the Restoration Colonies -
Representative Assembly
After the English over threw the Dutch colony of the New Netherlands, the settlers were granted the status of royal subjects.. Later, in 1683, they were given the status of a Representative Asembly -
William Penn/ Philedelphia
In 1676, prprietary rights to the western portion of New Jersey were sold to a group of English Quakers among them William Penn, who inteded to make the area a religious haven for the Soeciety of Friends as the Quakers were formally known. In 1681, King Charles granted Penn a huge territory west of the Deleware River. Penn supervied the laying out of his capital of Philly which would become know was the City of Brotherly love -
Sovereignty and Goodness of Gof
the personal account of Mary Rowlandson's stroy of her captivity among the indians. her book fuled the publication of over 500 other narratives in the 18th century and beyond -
Salem Witch Trials
In Salem, a puritan off shoot in the chesapeake, a group of girls claimed they wre bewitched and cause an uproar in the town, resulting in the death of 20 people. The trials showed the uncertainty of relgion and trust in women and children in the culture of the north american colonies -
Florida Slave policy
The spanish delcared Florida a haven for escaped slaves from the Englihs colonies in 1699.any refuge who would fight for the colony and convert to catholism was granted land. However, life here didn't vary much from slave life -
Wool Act of 1699
england placed limitations on some industries in the new world that would compete with those at home, limiting economic growth in their colonies -
The Middle Passage
In the 18th century, English sailors christened the voyage of the slave ships the MIddle Passage. (the middle part of the slave trade triangle between Enlgan->Africa->America->England. This was where most slaves were stansported from and were the scene of horrific epidemics due to tight packing -
Methods of Slave Resistence
In their everday lives, slaves silently tried to resist their owners. they "accidentally" destroyed property, mistreated animals and tools, and some attempted to run away. these issues caused a lot of trouble within plantations and many slaves lost their lives through punishments for such acts -
Commodity Money
furs, skins, tobacco, anf foreign coin were the original "dollar" in the new world. they made official rates of change for commodity things, colonial paper, foreign currency, and english lbs to make the system run smoothly -
Enlightenment
The Englightentment Period in the New world emphasized rationality, harmony, and order. it was full of new ideas and reforms but New France and New SPain both resisted it -
Natural Law
these laws stated that the universe was governed by such: discovered by people such as Newton and could be applied to advance humans -
Great Awakening
This was a time of widespread colonial revival of religion, the american version, and was one of the 1st nation events of American History. -
Indians as Slaves
The most valuable part of the early Carolina economy was the Indian Slave Trade. Carolinians encouraged tribes to fight one another and enslaved tens of thousands of indians before the 1730's. most were shipped to other colonies b/c of their dangerous potential near their homeland, thus creating industry -
French Crescent
The French used their trade network and alliances with the indians to establish a great cresencet of colonies, military posts, and settlements that extended from the mouth of the St. Lawrence River to the Gulf of Mexico -
African Slavery
The African Slave industry boomed between 1701-1810 when an estimated 10-11 million Africans arrived in North America. a majority were young, workable men who would go on the extend the populations of different colonies and further industries like tobacco -
Virginia Slave Code
as the amounts of slaves in the new colonies rose, colonists wrote slavery into law, best seen in virginia.
1662: children inherited status of mothers
1667: baptism could not alter servitude
1669: claimed the death of a slave in punishment not a crime
1705: all became official under the Virginia Slave Code -
Saybrook Platform
In 1708,, the chruches of Connecticut agree to this system of governance by councils of ministers and elders rather than the congregation: weakened church members -
Peace of Utrecht
In 1713, the British were finally able to prevail over the spanish and as part of the peace of utrecht, great britan won the exclusive right to supply slaves to the spanish colonies, creating a lucrative amount of business -
Apprenticeships
young men who wanted to pursue a trade served several years as apprentices, working in exchange for learning of skills. this prepared them for the real world, creating a strong work force -
Ivy League Schools
these were schools that provided higher education for almost all northern colonies and had some sort of religious foundation. (harvard, princeton, yale, brown, cornell, dartmouth, columbia, etc) all founded in the 1700's -
Indian Alliances
The French created a better alliance with the Indians by using the fear of British expansion as a tool to create said reltaionships. the alliances would help the countries in war and their overal expansion into North America -
Georgia
Arriving African slaves were brought to this colony founded in 1732 by parliament in England. James Oglethorpe influenced parliament to prohibit slavery here but was defeated when SOuth Carolian planters settled with their slaves -
Hat Act of 1732
england placed limitations on some industries in the new world that would compete with those at home, limiting economic growth in their colonies -
Poor Richard's Almanac
an almanac published by Benjamin Franklin: a combination of a calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook for medicinal adive and farming tips. this type of literature was popular in the 18th century and acted as a resource for readers of the time -
Stono Rebellion
a groupd of 20 recetly arrives Angolans sacked the armory in Stono, S. Carolina. they began to march towards freedom in Florida before being overtaken and destroyed by the militia: showed slave resistence -
Lower Class
Slaves, bound servants, and poor laboring families made up at least 40% of the population in the British colonies. the class system was evenly prominent in british culture: however, in french and spanish, low and high class were the only groups -
Middle Class
more than 1/2 of the population in the British colonies was middle class, making it a fairly well off nation. this group of people fueld the economy -
Iron Act
england placed limitations on some industries in the new world that would compete with those at home, limiting economic growth in their colonies -
French and Indian War
Between 1754 and 1763, great britain was pitted against France, SPain, and the Indians. It was know in Europe as the 7 year war and played as a pretense to america's struggle for freedom as the british made more enemies -
Junipera Serra
in 1769, acting on rumors of Russian expansion along the northern pacific coast, officials in Mexico City ordered Gaspar de Portloa, to establish a spanish presence in the north. ALong with Junipera Serra, portola founded the 1st mission and pueblo complex in present day california. -
Immigrant Policies
in New France and New SPain, restrictive policies curbed the number of European immigrants. In contrast, English authorities allowed a massive immigration of their own subjects to North America in the 17th century. a total of 150,000 englishmen had relocated to the colonies, creating a population base for further growth.