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Malcolm X Joins Nation of Islam
- Malcolm joins the Nation of Islam while in prison. Elijah Muhammad targeted black people from tough backgrounds and sustance use and converted them to the Nation of Islam, promising that there will be a society with just blacks. Malcolm was sometimes frusturated with the teachings of the Nation of Islam as it called for no violence whatsoever. It was tough for them to get involved in the Civil Rights Movement as most protests were against the religion.
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Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
- The issue of "seperate but equal" from Plessy vs. Ferguson were being confronted in the Brown vs. Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas by the NAACP. The Supreme Court deemed "seperate but equal" to be unconstitutional as it does deprive minority groups of a better education. Earl Warren expressed that segregation, especially between the younger generation, creates an inferioty that effects the society as a whole. The problem afterwards was to enforce the act in places like the Deep South.
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Emmett Till
- Emmett Till, age 14, went down South to visit his relatives. While walking out of a store, he said "bye" to a white lady. People of the town were outraged and kidnapped him and brutally murdered him. His body was then sent home for his mother to hold an open casket funeral. There was a trial held for the murders, but they were found injusticely not guilty. Emmett's story was a catalyst and symbol for the Civil Rights Movement.
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Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Buses were segregated and Rosa Parks intentionally sat in the front of a cuiy bus. She later on was arrested and the bus boycott took place. Since about two thirds of the amount of bus riders were African American it was hurting the economic pockets of the city. People mostly walked and it lasted for about 11 months. As a result, the buses became desegregated, the SCLC formed, and it showed that civil disobedience did work with some dedication.
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The Little Rock Crisis
- The schools of Little Rock announced intergration. 9 black children enrolled to go to Little Rock High School in the fall. Children were constantly harrassed by the people of the town. Units were sent to the schools to help each student enter the school and get to their classes. The students all met up at one house and went to school together. Orval Faubus, the governer of Arkansas, pulled out the national guard and Eisenhower sent in the 101st troops. May 29th Ernest Green graduated.
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Kennedy's Presidency
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New Frontier
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Lunch Counter Sit-Ins
- In Greensboro, NC, the lunch counters of diners were off limits to all African Americans. The Greensboro Four took a seat at the counters and refused to walk away until they were served. Similar acts like this occured in Nashville, TN. The protestors were trained to not become violent. Though many whites taunted them and harressed them, the demonstrators were the ones to be arrested. The Sit-Ins resulted in the formation of SNCC and the counters became intergrated.
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1960 Election
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Kennedy-Nixon Debate
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Peace Corps Proposed
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Alliance For Progress Proposed
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Warren Court Rules on Rights of the Accused
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
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Berlin Crisis
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The Albany Movement
- The Albany Movement brought about a lesson to be learned about civil disobedience. It targeted Albany as a whole to be desegregated. SNCC was involved, and Martin Luther King Jr. brought along the SCLC. They marched and rallied and it ended in mass arrests. The jail cells were full in all different counties. A mysterious person paid for bail for Dr. King and he left feeling that he left Albany the same as it was when he came. The lesson learned was that they needed to target smaller issues.
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The Other America Published
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John Glenn Orbits the Earth
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Baker v. Carr
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Engel v. Vitale
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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The Birmingham Confrontation
- Segregation in Birmingham brought Martin Luther King Jr. to hold demonstations. He was arrested and put to jail where he would write the "Letter from Birmingham Jail" that addressed clergymen. Children were used to demonstrate and 700 were arrested. Afterwards, students met at the 16th Street Baptist Church and protests resulted in people being hosed by fire hoses and attacked by dogs. There was national attention brought to this problem and it pushed Kennedy ask Congress for desegregation.
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Equal Pact Act Passed
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March on Washington
- After Kennedy's promise to ask Congress for legislation as a result from the Birmingham Confrontation, demonstrators gathered at the Lincoln Memorial to encourage the legislation. About 200,000 people gathered to support the cause. The march was more joyous than aggressive and was intergrated with many races. Martin Luther King Jr. told his very famous "I Have a Dream" speech that heated the crowd.
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Kennedy Assassination
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Lyndon Johnson Sworn in
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Warren Commission Forrmed
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Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam
- Malcolm has left the Nation of Islam after the many hypocritcal teachings that Elijah Muhammad used. Elijah Muhammad had a lot of women on the side and deals that were not true to the Nation of Islam. Elijah also did not want to associate himself with Malcolm X after Malcolm talked about the Kennedy assassination, scine Elijah could have looked like a suspect. After him leaving the Nation of Islam he was assassinated by the members of the Nation of Islam.
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Economic Opportunity Act Passed
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Great Society Proposed
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Freedom Summer
- Freedom Summer involved people going down to Phildadephia, MS and trying to get more blacks registered to vote. A lot of whites from the North came down to help out with the cause. James Chamey, Micheal Schwerner, and Dave Dennis (helpers of the cause) went missing and a search was orded by Mr. President. There bodies were found buried and the black male, James Chamey, appeared to be brutally attacked. A lot of national attention was present and it inspired 60,000 blacks to vote.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
- The act brought more federal government involvement, banned racial discriminatio, punishment to those who discriminate, and voting rights. It was one of the largest acts for the Civil Rights Movement. Although Kennedy was unable to acheive the act, Johnson got it more easily as a result of Kennedy's Assassination. Though the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was helpful, it still did not change the attitudes of people, especially in the Deep South.
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The 1964 Democratic National Convention
- The Democrat Party of Mississippi had only whites, there was no black representation. So the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party attended to represent blacks. While they had their time to speak, Johnson cut them off on television for an "emergency announcement" because he was afraid of them causing a disturbance. Johnson ended up offering the MFDP only 2 seats, but the MFDP declined the unbeneficial offer. The resistance to black rep. resulted in nation wide support black voting rights.
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1964 Election
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Malcolm X Assassination
- After his trip to Mecca and coming back a new Malcolm X, Malcolm helped with come of the issues in Selma, Alabama. He still believed in "any means necessary" but ended up supporting Dr. King. He was assassinated Feb. 21st, 1965 by memebrs of the Nation of Islam, just a few weeks after his visit to Selma. He was afraid that the movement would slow down after his death, and that was true to some extent.
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The Selma March
- Also known as "Bloody Sunday", The Selma March was a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. It was to go to the city capital and demand voting rights for blacks. When the demonstrators crossed the Edmund Pettus bridge, they were told to be stopped. Violence broke out and the police persued the protestors. The march was later resumed with govenment protection and Johnson proposed the Voting Rights Bill of 1965.
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Medicare & Medicaid Passed
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Martin Luther King Jr. Assassination
- King's assassination was at Lorraine Motel in Memphis, TN at age 39. He was killed by James Earl Ray. His death really did slow down the Civil Rights Movement as he feared. There was evidence of some government involvement found. Because of his huge influence, his death made many lose faith in the cause.
