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1954-1975 Timeline APUSH by Reises PB Cup
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Brown vs. Board of Education
href='http://raisinsun9.wikispaces.com/file/view/brown_vs._board.jpg/292071551/brown_vs._board.jpg' In this ruling, the Supreme Court unanimously agreed that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, directly overturning the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that allowed for "separate but equal" segregation of the races. Instead, the 1954 ruling said that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", marking a large victory for the NAACP and the efforts for desegregation.
*Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 20 -
Emmett Till murder
14 year old Emmett Till from Chicago was visiting his family in Mississippi in 1955 when he whistled at a white woman as he left a store. He was kidnapped, brutally beaten, murdered, then dumped in the Tallahatchie River. Two white men, J.W. Milam and Roy Bryant were charged with the murder but were acquitted by an all white jury. Mrs. Till, Emmett's mother, visited Mississippi and testified against the two white men in order to publicize the harsh racism still present in the United States. -
Rosa Parks Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a Montogomery bus to a white man and was arrested. In response, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. led a peaceful boycott until the city buses were desegregated. Over one year later, on December 21st, 1956, the nonviolent protestors won a victory for civil rights when the buses were desegregated.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
SCLC created
Martin Luther King Jr., Charles Steele, and Fred Shuttlesworth created the first Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in which organizing the civil rights movement took place. The organization was founded on nonviolence and civil disobedience by the urging of SCLC President King to remain dignified and above the racist acts against them.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
Little Rock Nine
Central High School in Arkansas faced desegregation under the orders of Brown vs Board of Education. President Eisenhower was forced to use the 101st Airborne to protect the "Little Rock Nine" black teenagers attempting to attend the school from the protesting and harassing white students and white student parents.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
Eisenhower -domestic policy
In domestic policy the President pursued a middle course, continuing most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs, emphasizing a balanced budget. As desegregation of schools began, he sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to assure compliance with the orders of a Federal court; he also ordered the complete desegregation of the Armed Forces. "There must be no second class citizens in this country," he wrote.
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Student Sit Ins
Greensboro North Carolina, students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter and though refused service, sat to demand civil rights. This sparked many student non violent sit ins across the nation that resulted in those same four students being served lunch at Woolworth's lunch counter six months later.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
SNCC created
(Raleigh, N.C.) The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded at Shaw University. This committee gave young blacks with a voice in the civil rights movement. The SNCC originally was based on nonviolent principles but later grows into a more radical organization as violence was used against these young students, especially under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael (1966–1967).Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html#ixzz2R8Zksg5z -
Dwight Eisenhower
From 1953-1961, Eisenhower was the President of the United States. His extensive military backround served him well with his "I Like Ike" campoaign that gave him a sweeping victory in his presidential election. He continued most of the New Deal and Fair Deal programs and favored a balanced budget. He negotiated a slightly more peaceful standing in the Cold War during the Geneva conference in 1955.
http://m.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower -
Freedom Riders
During the spring and summers of 1961, volunteer students rode in buses through the South to test out the new civil rights laws. They were met with riots and violent protestors. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality supported the "Freedom Riders", over 1000 black and white volunteers.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
Diem -South Vietnam government during war
Vietcong defeats the South Vietnamese Army in the Battle of Ap Bac. Buddhist monks start setting themselves on fire in public places tp protest the Diem government policy of removing Buddhists from key government positions and replacing them with Catholics. Diem and his brother are murdered and the Diem regime was overthrown.
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Birmingham Civil Rights Demonstration
During civil rights protests in Birmingham, Alabama, nonviolent protestors were pounded with fire hoses and attacked by police dogs under the orders of Commisioner of Public Safety Eugene "Bull" Connor. These harsh atrocities were spread by television and the media and gave the movement much popularity.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
March on Washington
A massive nonviolent march on Washington, involving 200,000 people, was conducted to demonstrate and demand civil equality. Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. gave his famous "I Have A Dream" speech as people gathered at the Lincoln Memorial.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
Kennedy -domestic policy
Kennedy appointed African Americans to high-level positions in the administration and strengthened the Civil Rights Commission. He spoke out in favor of school desegregation, praised a number of cities for integrating their schools, and put Vice President Lyndon Johnson in charge of the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity.
http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/Civil-Rights-Movement.aspx -
John Kennedy
Kennedy wished to lead America back onto its path of revolution of civil liberties and rights. He called for a new civil rights legislation in response to the urgent cries of the country and began to wage a war against poverty. At the time of his assassination on November 22, 1963, his reponse to the Cuban Missile Crisis and his work on civil rights had begun to show the beginning of a new hope for world peace and equality in America.
http://m.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy -
Gulf of Tonkin Incident
General Nguyen Khanh seized Power in Saigon, South Vietnam, and three North Vietnamese PT boats allegedly fired torpedoes at the USS Maddox named the "Gulf of Tonkin Incident". Following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, Congress authorized President Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression." The US wages total war against North Vietnam.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The most sweeping civil rights legislation since Reconstruction, the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination of all kinds based on race, color, religion, or national origin. The law also provides the federal government with the powers to enforce desegregation.
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Three Civil Rights workers found dead- domestic policy by Johnson
In Neshoba Country, Mississippi, President Johnson backed an investigation on when James E. Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, were arrested by the police on speeding charges, incarcerated for several hours, and then released after dark into the hands of the KKK, who murdered them.They had been working to register black voters in Mississippi and had gone to investigate the burning of a black church on June 21st.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston -
Vietnam war escalates and public reacts
Over 200,000 US troops are sent to Vietnam and in February, bombing raids on North Vietnam commence referred to as 'Operation Rolling Thunder'. The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade arrive in Vietnam. Students at American Universities start to strongly protest against the US policy in Vietnam as US involvment rises.
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Johnson -domestic policy on Medicare
On July 30, 1965, President Johnson signed the Social Security Amendments which established Medicare and Medicaid, promising that they would "improve a wide range of health and medical services for Americans of all ages." Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act.
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Watts Los Angeles Ghetto riots -domestic problems in US
Marquette Frye was arrested for drunk driving.Onlookers began to riot and beat white people that wandered into the area. 14,000 National Guard troops were called in to patrol a 46-mile radius and before Reverend King could arrive, 6 days of rioting, 4 deaths, over 1,000 injuries, 4,000 arrests, and $40 million in damage was done.
http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_watts_rebellion_los_angeles_1965/ -
Johnson- domestic policy issues
Asserting that civil rights laws alone are not enough to remedy discrimination, President Johnson issued Executive Order 11246, which enforced affirmative action for the first time. It required government contractors to "take affirmative action" toward prospective minority employees in all aspects of hiring and employment.
Kennedy, David., et al. The American Pageant. Thirteenth edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006 -
Interracial Marriage declared legal - http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2010/top10_court_cases/loving_virginia.jpg
The State of Virgina convicted Mr. and Mrs. Loving of illegal behavior and sentenced them to a year in prison or 25 year banishment from Virgina. In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that prohibiting interracial marriage was unconstitutional, upon the appeal by the Lovings. Sixteen states that still banned interracial marriage at the time were forced to revise their laws on prohibiting interracial marrriage.
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Antiwar protests domestic problems
The movement against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War gained national prominence in 1965, after the United States began bombing North Vietnam in earnest. Marches attracted a widening base of support over the next three years, peaking in early 1968 after the Tet Offensive by North Vietnamese troops. On October 21, 1967, one of the most prominent anti-war demonstrations took place, as some 100,000 protesters gathered at the Lincoln Memorial.
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Johnson -domestic policy
President Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which banned discrimination in the sale and rental of 80 percent of housing. It also contained anti-riot provisions and protected persons exercising specific rights--such as attending school or serving on a jury—as well as civil rights workers urging others to exercise these rights.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
When President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22nd, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson, the Vice president was sworn in. He continued the new civil rights bill and the tax cut that Kennedy was pushing for, then began his own push for a "Great Society" of providing aid to education, attacking disease and poverty, and creating Medicare. Civil rights issues and the communist crisis in Vietnam escalated, despite his efforts.
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Kent Ohio Massacre
Several demonstrations were held on the Kent State University, Ohio, campus by the college students to protest the war. When the Army Reserve Officers Training Corps building was burned to the ground, the Guard was called in and martial law was declared. The Guard fired tear gas canisters to disperse the crowd at a rally. When the students began cheering and moving toward the Guard, the Guard open fired and killed 4 students.
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Richard Nixon peace nagotiations
In 1972, he reduced tensions with China and the U.S.S.R. and his meetings with Russian leader Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Vietnam to end American involvement. In 1974, his Secretary of State Kissinger negotiated disengagement between Israel and Egypt/Syria.
http://m.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon -
Peace in Vietnam attained
A cease-fire agreement is signed in Paris and Henry Kissinger is given the Nobel Peace Prize. The end of the Draft is publicized and all remaining US troops leave Vietnam.
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Richard Nixon resignation
During the 1972 campaign, the break in to the Democtratic National Committee at Watergate was traced back to President Nixon. He denied ever having knowledge of the break in and refused to obey the subpoenas demanding his presidential tapes be released for examination on the Watergate scandal. By the time the Supreme Court ruled that he needed to obey the subpoenas, Nixon had resigned. The tapes had 18 minutes of crucial conversation deleted.
http://m.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon
