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She was initially married to Henry's older brother, Arthur, but he died in 1502.
Catherine then married Henry VIII in 1509, shortly after he became king.
Daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon (Spanish) and Isabella I of Castile, she was promised to the English Crown to form an alliance against France being a potential threat at the time. -
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Martin Luther was a German monk who challenged Church authorities with his 'Ninety-five Theses'. He was a major Protestant reformer and theologian.
With his writing, he challenged in particular the use of indulgences, rejected the existence of purgatory
believed that Salvation is through Faith Alone (Sola Fide) and also wanted the Bible to be accessible for everyone. (translated) -
Henry VIII wrote “Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther” in response to Luther's text 'Ninety-five Theses', defending Catholicism.
Consequently, the Pope Leo X named him Fidei Defensor (Defensor of the Faith) -
William Tyndale translated 'The New Testament' (first full printed edition in English), had it printed and put in circulation in Europe (more or less illegally) -
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The act was passed as part of Henry VIII's effort to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which the Pope had refused to grant.
The Act declared that England was an independent sovereign state, and no appeals could be made to the Pope or any foreign authority in matters of religion, marriage, or divorce. -
Henry VIII succeeded in marrying Anne, shortly after the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. -
With this Act, conspiring to alter the succession to the throne, speaking or writing against the king or the Church of England, and especially not acknowledging him as the Supreme Head of the Church of England, is now considered as a treason, leading to death penalty.
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The King becomes the supreme head of the Church in England, officially opposing the Pope and breaking with Rome. -
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The Injunctions of 1536 were a set of orders issued by King Henry VIII that aimed to further enforce the changes brought about by the English Reformation
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The articles were created to establish a foundation for the Church of England's beliefs and practices as it distanced itself from Roman Catholicism. -
The Act of Union of 1536 stipulates that Wales is now included in the Kingdom of England.
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Written by the French theologian John Calvin, it was first published in Latin in 1536.
Calvin's writing highly influenced the system of doctrine adopted by the Reformed churches and his ideas were referred to as 'Calvinism'. -
The Pilgrimage of Grace was a rebellion against changes in religion (among other things)
. The demands of the rebels formulated in the 'Pontefract Articles' (1536) their main concerns were enclosure and poverty, they wanted the parliament in the North , and catholic ways of worship along with bringing back papal authority and monasteries.
Their Leader was Robert Aske.
There were some successes at the beginning, but Robert Aske was executed and rebels were crushed by the army -
Monasteries being dissolved, and their lands confiscated and sold.
The reason was that they were corrupted and under papal authority, but the actual one was about money and political power. -
Anne Boleyn was executed on charges of treason, adultery, and incest. -
Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, 11 days after Anne's execution -
Jane died shortly after giving birth to Edward, the future king of England. -
The Injunctions of 1538 were a further set of orders issued by King Henry VIII that built upon the earlier Injunctions of 1536.
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The first legally translated English Bible, it was intended to make the scriptures more accessible to the general population, aligning with the Protestant principle of individuals being able to read the Bible in their native language. -
Articles reinserting more catholic orthodoxy within the Church of England. -
Catherine was a young cousin of Anne Boleyn and a lady-in-waiting to Anne of Cleves. -
They were married from January to July 1540.
She was a German princess, and the marriage was arranged as a political alliance, to strengthen ties with Protestant states in Germany.
They divorced, as (supposedly) Henry VIII was displeased with her appearance. -
She was accused of having affairs, and was executed. -
This Act addressed the line of succession to the English throne, and reinstated Henry VIII's daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, in the order of succession. (Since their mothers' marriages where annuled, they were considered illigitimate not eligible to the throne)
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Henry's last wife and a protestant.
She outlived him and she remarried to Thomas Seymour shortly after. She died in 1548 after childbirth complications. -
The Rough Wooing is a war between Scotland and England, started by England.
The aim was to break the Alliance between France and Scotland, and force the marriage between the infant queen Mary, and Henry VIII's heir, Edward. -
Edward VI was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He became king at just nine years old, and his reign was dominated by regents, as he was too young to rule independently.
Edward continued his father's Protestant reforms, but he died young at the age of 15 from tuberculosis. -
The 1549 Book of Common Prayer was the first liturgical book written in english.
Written by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury at that time.
It provided worship services in English and simplified religious practices.
Even if the ideas are mostly protestant, there is still services maintaining the traditional forms and sacramental language inherited from medieval Catholic liturgies.
It was criticised by a community of more radical Protestant. -
The 1552 Book of Common Prayer was the second version of the Book of Common Prayer contained the official liturgy of the Church of England from November 1552 until July 1553.
It was revised, due to discontented Protestants, to be explicitly Reformed in its theology. -
The Forty-two Articles were the official doctrinal statement of the Church of England, written by Thomas Cranmer
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She was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII and a cousin of Edward VI.
When Edward VI was dying, he wanted to prevent his Catholic half-sister Mary from inheriting the throne. His advisors convinced him to name Jane, a Protestant, as his successor, and he did with the "Devise for the Succession"
Lady Jane Grey was proclaimed queen on July 10, 1553, shortly after Edward’s death.
However due to the people's support, Jane was deposed, and Mary declared queen. Jane was executed shortly after. -
Mary I worked to reverse the Protestant reforms of her predecessors by restoring Catholicism. She repealed much of the religious legislation passed under Edward VI.
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Mary I, was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon.
She was Catholic and she sought to reverse the Protestant reforms of her father and brother, leading to the persecution and execution of many Protestants. Her efforts earned her the infamous nickname 'Bloody Mary' -
Mary married Philip II of Spain in an effort to strengthen her ties to Catholic Europe. The marriage was deeply unpopular in England due to fears of Spanish influence. -
Mary earned the nickname "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of Protestants. About 280 religious dissenters were burned at the stake for heresy during her reign.
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Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn.
The key challenges of her reign reign were :
- Re-establishing the Reformation
- Calm religious tensions and conflicts by trying to find a compromise.
- Stabilising the country (on a political level)
- Repositioning England in European international relations (Spanish Armada 1588)
She was the las monarch of the Tudor dynasty. -
Also called the Elizabethan prayer book, it is the third edition of the Book of Common Prayer and the text that served as an official liturgical book of the Church of England throughout the Elizabethan era. -
A series of laws and policies implemented by Queen Elizabeth I between 1559 and 1563 to establish a stable religious order in England following years of religious conflict. It aimed to strike a middle ground between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
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The act revived the preceding which Mary I had revoked, confirming Elizabeth I as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. -
The Act of Uniformity was part of the larger Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which sought to create a moderate form of Protestantism. This settlement carefully navigated between more radical Puritan factions who wanted further reform and Catholic sympathizers who wanted the return of old practices.
It's goal was to enforce religious uniformity by making attendance at Church of England services mandatory and standardizing the use of the Book of Common Prayer across all parishes. -
1562 marks the beginning of the english participation in the slave trade. -
A defining statement of doctrine for the Church of England, as part of the effort to define its theological identity.
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James VI is crowned king of Scotland at one year old,
to replace his unpopular mother, Mary. -
A document written by Pope Pius V, declaring Elizabeth I a heretic and officially cutting her off from the Catholic Church. -
James VI starts to rule without regents
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Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed for plotting against the Queen. -
The Africa Company was founded in 1588. It was created as part of a broader strategy to expand English trade and influence in Africa and to establish a presence against Portuguese and Spanish dominance in the region.
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England defeats Spain in a naval battle.
Spain's aim was to overthrow Elizabeth I, considered as an illegitimate ruler.
It secured England from Spanish invasion and boosted Elizabeth’s popularity. -
It was a war against plantations (implanting English nobles in Ireland, expropriating Irish landowners), mainly led by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone.
It ended with the defeat of Ireland and its subjugation -
The English East India Company (EIC) was a powerful British trading corporation, founded in 1600, under a royal charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I. -
James VI of Scotland became James I of England after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, he was the first King to rule over the entire island. It was a shift, but the two countries weren’t unified yet
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The Parliament during the reign of James I of England. It was characterized by conflict over the balance of power between the monarchy and Parliament, religious divisions, and financial instability. James’s belief in the divine right of kings clashed with Parliament’s increasing desire to assert its privileges and authority, particularly in areas related to taxation and governance.
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A failed assassination attempt by a group of English Catholics, including Guy Fawkes, who sought to blow up the Houses of Parliament and kill James I. The plot was thwarted, and it led to increased repression of Catholics. -
James attempted to create a political union between England and Scotland, but it was rejected by both the English and Scottish parliaments.
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England’s first permanent colony in North America, Jamestown, was founded in what is now Virginia. -
Ruling without the Parliament was okay because England was at peace at that time.
However, tensions reappeared stronger by the end of his reign. -
Published in 1611 under the sponsorship of King James I of England (James VI of Scotland). It remains one of the most influential and widely read English translations of the Bible. The translation was commissioned in response to religious and political tensions in England and was intended to create a unified, authoritative version of the Bible for use in Anglican worship. -
The son of James I, Charles I continued to assert the divine right of kings, leading to conflicts with Parliament.
His attempt to impose Anglican practices in Scotland led to the Bishop's Wars (1639–1640), escalating tensions between royal authority and parliamentary power.
The English Civil War (1642–1651) broke out during his reign, resulting in his eventual capture and trial. He was executed in January 1649, marking a significant turning point in British history. -
Key elements in the Petition, against the ”illegal” rule of the King :
No taxation without consent of Parliament – According to Magna Carta (1215 - chart of rights), no imprisonment of non-payers if not validated by Parliament -
Period during which James I ruled without consulting the Parliament for anything, exercing his power as an absolute monarch.
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Charles I & William Laud (Arch. of Canterbury in 1633) wanted to reform the Kirk (Church of Scotland) to Arminianism, notably by publishing the Book of Common Prayer (for the Kirk) and trying to impose it to Scotland.
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A document written by Scottish presbytarians for the King in response to his reforms and attemps to impose Arminian-style worship in the Kirk.
They wanted to swear allegiance to the King, but still wanted their religion and way of worship to be the same.
The document isn’t an act of rebellion but an attempt to start negotiations.
However, the King refused, and became more radical in his reforms, leading to the Bishops' Wars. -
Wars between the Scottish forces (well-trained) and the King’s army (underfunded).
The wars centered around Charles’s attempts to impose Arminian-style religious reforms on the Scottish Church, which was Presbyterian in nature. -
The "Short Parliament" was a brief session of the English Parliament that lasted from April to May, 1640. It was convened by King Charles I to address his urgent need for funds to finance his military campaign against Scotland during the Bishops' Wars.
However, the Parliament refused to grant money to the King.
Frustrated, Charles I dissolved it after just three weeks. -
The Parliament succeeding the 'Short Parliament'.
Its members tried to restore a balance of power between the Parliament and the Crown.
It was not really a success since Charles I was not willing to make concessions -
The Irish Rebellion of 1641 was a major uprising that took place in Ireland, primarily driven by Irish Catholics (both the Old English elite and Irish Gaelic populations) against the English Protestant settlers and the rule of the English crown. -
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List of grievances by the parliament, presented to the King, who ignored it. -
The Committee of Safety was a Parliamentary executive body formed to manage the war against King Charles I. It coordinated military strategy, raised armies, and ensured supplies during the English Civil War. Over time, it evolved and played a vital role in maintaining the Parliamentarian war effort, ultimately contributing to their victory in the civil wars. They took over london and make the king flee.
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In January 1642, tensions escalated further when Charles attempted to arrest five members of Parliament (all puritans).
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Charles I raised his royal standard in Nottingham on August 22, 1642, declaring war to the Parliament. -
The English Civil War(s) was a series of armed conflicts and political struggles between Royalists (also known as Cavaliers), who supported King Charles I, and Parliamentarians (also called Roundheads), who sought greater power for Parliament and limits on the king’s authority.
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The Solemn League and Covenant was an agreement between the Scottish Covenanters and the leaders of the English Parliamentarians in 1643 during the First English Civil War.
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The New Model Army was created in 1645 during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarians (also known as the Roundheads) as a professional, centralized, and ideologically committed military force. -
Charles I surrendered to the Scots in 1646 because he believed they offered the best chance for negotiation and the preservation of his monarchy, especially compared to the more radical English Parliamentarians and New Model Army.
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The Putney Debates were a series of discussions over the political settlement that should follow Parliament's victory over Charles I in the First English Civil War. The main participants were senior officers of the New Model Army who favoured retaining Charles within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, and radicals who sought more sweeping changes.
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Secret agreement between Charles and some Scottish lords.
Charles I agreed to establish Presbyterianism as the official religion in England for a trial period of three years. In exchange, the Scottish Lords promised to support Charles I’s restoration to power and maintain the monarchy. They pledged to raise an army to help him regain control from the Parliamentarians. -
(Feb-Aug 1648)
The Second English Civil War was triggered by King Charles I's refusal to accept defeat after the First Civil War and his secret deal with the Scottish Covenanters (the "Engagement"). In exchange for military support, Charles promised to establish Presbyterianism in England, leading the Scots to invade.
However, the Scottish Engager army was defeated by the New Modern Army. -
On the 5th of december 1648, the Parliament decided that a settlement had to be found with Charles I.
A vote took place. -
The Pride's Purge refers to the removal of MPs from Parliament on December 6th, 1648, who voted for a settlement with King Charles I.
It was orchestrated by Colonel Thomas Pride, and led to the New Model Army developping its political power.
Afterwards, the vote of the 5th of december was considered null. New ideas of settlement were proposed to Charles I, but he refused them all, and ended up in trial -
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On the 30th of January 1649 Charles I is executed after refusing to plead for his case on trial. -
The republican political structure between the end of the Second English Civil War and Charle I's reign, and the reign of Charles II.
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The Commonwealth faced resistance in Scotland, since the scottish people were a majority of yhe Stuarts' supporters.
It led to the military occupation of Scotland. -
Irishmen create an alliance against the Commonwealth, But it led to Cromwell sending12 000 troops in Ireland. Many Catholics were massacred (Wexford Drogheda massacres)
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Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament -
The 'Instrument of government' was presented on the 15 December 1653. It was the first constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland and was also the first codified and written constitution in England.
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From December 1653 until his death in September 1658, Oliver Cromwell ruled over England, Ireland and Scotland as Lord Protector.
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The Humble Petition and Advice was the second and last codified constitution of England after the Instrument of Government. It offered Cromwell kingship, but he refused (however, the title of ‘Lord Protector’ became hereditary) -
After his father's death, R. Cromwell becomes Lord Protector. However; he resigned a year later,leading tothe restauration of the monarchy. -
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The main points of the declaration are : a general pardon for people who betrayed the crown, if they came forward, admit their crimes and swore alliegance to the king, a genera policiy of toleration (regarding religion) and finally the right to keep their power and money for those who gained these during the Commonwealth.
However, people involved in the regicide could not be forgiven. -
Charles II is the son of Charles I.
He faced three problems throughout his reign :
• Changed political circumstances – Parliament could no longer be ignored
• New powerful men of the Commonwealth period needed to be accommodated
• Religious tensions -
An act restricting the rights of dissenters. The restrictions had to do with the restricting of public offices in England. It was a direct negative answer to a possibility of tolerating the Catholics.
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Charles II marries a Catholic princess, aggravating the tensions between the crown, in favor of religious toleration, and the Parliament, strongly anti-catholic. -
An enourmous fire that lasted a few days. Due to the strong and growing anti-Catholicism feeling in England, it was blamed on the Catholics. -
A treaty against the Dutch Protestants, between Charles II and Louis XIV. It included a secret agreement between the two kings : Charles II converting to Catholicism even if he is the head of the Anglican Church.
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The Declaration of Indulgence was Charles II's attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms, by suspending the execution of the Penal Laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. It reinstated the rights of Chatolics and Protestants that were not part of the Anglican Church. -
The Test Acts were a series of laws passed that imposed religious conformity as a requirement for holding public office or other official positions. Their primary aim was to secure the dominance of the Church of England and exclude Catholics and nonconformist Protestants from positions of power.
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'Revelations' about a popish plot that was to kill the king to put his Catholic Brother on the throne, so England could go back to Catholicism, and the church of England under the Pope's control. 35 people were tried and executed. -
Three Exclusion Bills that sought to exclude the King's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, from the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland because he was a Roman Catholic. (converted in 1669). The Whigs favoured the exclusion, whereas the Tories opposed to it.
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Brother of the previous king Charles II, he faced unpopularity among his people, notably because he was a Catholic.
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The Declaration granted broad religious freedom in England by suspending penal laws enforcing conformity to the Church of England and allowing people to worship in their homes or chapels as they saw fit, and it ended the requirement of affirming religious oaths before gaining employment in government office.
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William lands in Brixham, Devon, with 20 000 soldiers the 5th of November 1688.
He then issues a declaration explaining the reasons for the invasion:
• To protect the Protestant religion
• To protect the “laws and liberties of England,
Scotland and Ireland”
• And the illegitimacy of James Francis Edward.
After James II's fleeing to France, he seizes the throne, that has been declared vacant.
He faced resistance in both Scotland and Ireland. -
7 English noblemen (“the Immortal Seven”) invite William of Orange to invade England and take James II's throne.
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The Bill of Rights was a landmark document that limited the powers of the monarchy and established the authority of Parliament. It made James II's actions illegal, and excluded Catholics claimants from the line of succession. -
The Toleration Act is seen as a compromise, balancing the need for religious unity with growing demands for toleration of dissenters and Roman Catholics. -
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The treaty putting an end to the war in Ireland with the Jacobites, against William III and Mary II's rule.
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The Act of Settlement was a pivotal law passed by the English Parliament to address the succession of the monarchy and ensure Protestant rule. It was a response to fears of Catholic monarchs returning to the throne. -
Sister of Mary, she is the last monarch of the Stuart dynasty.
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England and Scotland are unified and become Great Britain. There is now a single Parliament, free trade between the two territories, and the Kirk is unchallenged. However, the the legal systems are still partly separated. -