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Period: 1000 BCE to
Beginning to Exploration
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1000
Dark Ages
The dark ages was a backward time for Europe. It was also a period of religious struggle. It was dominated by the Catholic church. During this time the economy was very weak. There was a lot of people that lost their jobs. Educational wise it decreased. There was no higher learning during the dark ages. Feudalism succeeded Roman law. The order of entitlement was that the Lords was the highest then the vassals and lastly the peasants. -
1200
Aztecs
The Aztecs was the most populated tribe. They had a population of twenty million. The Aztecs had a materialistic culture. This means they valued physical objects and how things looked. They had an advanced irrigation system. Almost everything is ran off of water. They had their own written language and was ruled by nobles. They cared about how "pretty" their city looked. This s why they were the most cleanest of all the tribes. -
1205
Pacific Northwest
The pacific northwest was densely populated. They lived off sea life because they lived next to waterways. They built wooden houses. The reason why is because they wanted to live there permanently. They also had an hierarchal society. They can work their way up to a higher position or even married someone in a higher position. -
1346
Black Death
The Black Death first arrived in Europe by ship. It soon was spread by rats and fleas. It killed more than 20 million people in Eurasia. The most known symptoms of black death was a tumor in the groin or armpit area. Most will grow to be as large as a common apple. -
1400
The Renaissance
The Rennaissance was a time of cultural movement. Also, technology was greatly improved and became more advanced. One example would be the printing press. Not only was technology improved but also education. The literary world spread very quickly. It was a bridge between the middle ages and modern history. It was time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation. -
1490
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Colombus was born in Genoa, Italy. He was a very talented Navigator. He believed that the shortest way to Asian was west. The Catholics Monarchs finally gave him permission to go on his voyage. He sets sail August 3rd 1492 -
1500
Maya Human Sacrifice
The Mayans practiced human sacrifice. Ritual sacrifice played a vital role in the mayan culture. Some animals was sacrificed too such as: dogs. turkeys, and jaguars. However sacrifice of human was supreme. These sacrifices were carried out by a priest called nacom. The nacom had four assistance called chacs. Their jobs were to hold down the victim that was being sacrificed.Then the nacom cuts open the the victims chest and rips out his still beating heart -
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English Colonial Societies
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Tobacco
When tobacco first started off it had no major profit. They were originally looking for gold and silver to make money. They started trading tobacco from the Carribean to Virginia. Europeans then started to smoke it and enjoy it and it soon became a profit maker. -
Plymouth Colonies
Most people in the Plymouth Colonies were puritans. They Moved from England because the children were becoming too dutch. They were later called pilgrims. They sailed on the Mayflower and landed 100 miles north of their original destination. They made the Mayflower Compact for the society to live by. Life was hard for the pilgrims because they weren't used to the conditions. -
Maryland
George Calvert converted to Catholicism and made it a religiously free colony. He soon passed away and Cecil Calvert became the new lord. He required the settlers to have provisions. He also made a rule called the no profit before food. Maryland soon was taken over by Protestants and Catholicism became banned. -
Locations of Chesepeake settlements
Usually, the Chesapeake settlements are near the coast and waterways. The settlements though were sprawled out and there wasn't a big group of people living in one area. They were in need of more land however. In the process of finding more land they increased conflict with the natives because they were interfering with their territory. -
Caribbean Colonies
There is about 44,000 people that lives in the Caribbean colonies. In the Caribbean colonies sugar is the lifeblood of the region. They make all their money off of sugar. That's their cash crop. They would export their sugar to Europe because the Europeans loved sugar. Spain, France, and England fought over this island because they all wanted their sugar. -
Navigation Acts
In October of 1651, the English Parliament passed its Navigation Acts of 1651. These acts were designed to tighten the government's control over trade between England, its colonies, and the rest of the world. It required all goods to be transported on English or colonial american ships. Basically, the English government wanted to closely supervise England's imports and exports, limit imports to give British manufactures and merchants an advantage. -
Glorious Revolution
In the Glorious revolution James 2 became the ruler. People rallied behind the crown and the legitimate heir against what they saw as a threat to the existing establishment in church and state posed by the Whigs and their Nonconformist allies. He wanted a spanish style government because he was catholic. He implied new taxes and made the colonist reapply for land deeds. He also wanted to ally England with catholic France. During this time too he dissolved the parliament. -
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Colonial America
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Atlantic Slave Trade
The slave trade used mainly the triangular trade route and its Middle Passage, and existed from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the transatlantic slave trade were Africans from central and western Africa, who had been sold by other West Africans to Western European slave traders. It was a new source of labor for the Europeans. By the 1700's Britain was the largest slave trading nation. -
The Great Awakening
The First Great Awakening affected British North America in the 1730s and 40s. True to the values of the Enlightenment, the Awakening emphasized human decision in matters of religion and morality. It respected each individual's feelings and emotions. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christian's heart. -
Mid Atlantic
They mainly traded with Europe. They focused on agriculture. They did have some industries but they weren't very big. Most of their money came from agriculture though, since they had some what good growing soil year round. They were religiously and ethnically diverse. They were not as divided as the south was. They had a very mixed population. -
Seven-Year War (France)
France’s expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought it into conflict with the claims of the British colonies. During 1754 and 1755, the French defeated in quick succession the young George Washington, Gen. Edward Braddock, and Braddock’s successor, Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. In 1755, Governor Shirley, fearing that the French settlers in Nova Scotia would side with France in any military confrontation, expelled hundreds of them to other British colonies. -
Seven-Year War (Great Britain)
The war did not begin well for the British. The British Government sent General Edward Braddock to the colonies as commander in chief of British North American forces, but he alienated potential Indian allies and colonial leaders failed to cooperate with him.Despite facing such a formidable alliance, British naval strength and Spanish ineffectiveness led to British success. British forces seized French Caribbean islands, Spanish Cuba, and the Philippines. -
George Washingon's role
George Washington was a raw and ambitious 21-year old when he was first sent to the Ohio Valley to confront the growing French presence in the region. His actions sparked the French & Indian War. Washington's military experience began in the French and Indian War with a commission as a major in the militia of the British Province of Virginia. Washington was sent as an ambassador from the British crown to the French officials and Indians. -
Treaty of Paris
The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France, as well as their respective allies. In the terms of the treaty, France gave up all its territories in mainland North America, effectively ending any foreign military threat to the British colonies there. -
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Revolutionary War
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Stamp Act
The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. Legal documents and printed materials must bear a tax stamp provided by commissioned distributors who would collect the tax in exchange for the stamp. -
Townshend Act
the Townshend Acts imposed duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies. Townshend hoped the acts would defray imperial expenses in the colonies, but many Americans viewed the taxation as an abuse of power, resulting in the passage of agreements to limit imports from Britain. In 1770, Parliament repealed all the Townshend duties except the tax on tea, leading to a temporary truce between the two sides in the years before the American Revolution. -
Shakers
The Shakers, represent one of the most successful utopian communities in American history. Although their last remaining community currently numbers less than ten members, the Shakers have maintained a utopian presence in the United States for over two hundred years. They have always believed in constant revelation from the spirit world, and they never operated under the elaborate sets of rules that some less successful utopian communities imposed upon their members. -
Boston Massacre
A squad of British soldiers, come to support a sentry who was being pressed by a heckling, snowballing crowd, let loose a volley of shots. Three persons were killed immediately and two died later of their wounds; among the victims was Crispus Attucks, a man of black or Indian parentage. The Boston Massacre is remembered as a key event in helping to galvanize the colonial public to the Patriot cause. -
Boston Tea Party
December 16, 1773, Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty boarded three ships in the Boston harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard. This resulted in the passage of the punitive Coercive Acts in 1774 and pushed the two sides closer to war. This action, part of a wave of resistance throughout the colonies, had its origin in Parliament’s effort to rescue the financially weakened East India Company so as to continue benefiting from the company’s valuable position in India. -
Coercive Act
Upset by the Boston Tea Party and other blatant acts of destruction of British property by American colonists, the British Parliament enacts the Coercive Acts, to the outrage of American Patriots. The Coercive Acts were a series of four acts established by the British government. The aim of the legislation was to restore order in Massachusetts and punish Bostonians for their Tea Party, in which members of the revolutionary-minded Sons of Liberty boarded three British tea ships in Boston Harbor. -
Declaration of Independence
When armed conflict between bands of American colonists and British soldiers began in April 1775, the Americans were ostensibly fighting only for their rights as subjects of the British crown. In mid-June 1776, a five-man committee including Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin was tasked with drafting a formal statement of the colonies’ intentions. The Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence. -
Massachusetts Constitution
The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the fundamental governing document of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, one of the 50 individual state governments that make up the United States of America. As a member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1779, John Adams was the document's principal author. It became effective on October 25, 1780, and remains the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world. -
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation was the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states. Under these articles, the states remained sovereign and independent, with Congress serving as the last resort on appeal of disputes. Congress was also given the authority to make treaties and alliances, maintain armed forces and coin money. -
Treaty of Paris 1783
The Treaty of Paris of 1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty–John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens. Laurens, however, was captured by a British warship and held in the Tower of London until the end of the war. -
Yeoman Farmers
The yeomen farmer who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor remains the embodiment of the ideal American: honest, virtuous, hardworking, and independent. These same values made yeomen farmers central to the Republican vision of the new nation. Because family farmers didn't exploit large numbers of other laborers and because they owned their own property, they were seen as the best kinds of citizens to have political influence in a republic. -
Tenant Farmers
A tenant farmer is one who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. Depending on the contract, tenants can make payments to the owner either of a fixed portion of the product, in cash or in a combination. -
Shay's Rebellion
Shays’ Rebellion is American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms. The rebellion took its name from its symbolic leader, Daniel Shays of Massachusetts, a former captain in the Continental army. -
Rush-Bagot Treaty
The Rush–Bagot Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and the United Kingdom limiting naval armaments on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, following the War of 1812. The treaty provided for a large demilitarization of lakes along the international boundary, where many British naval arrangements and forts remained. The treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel -
Constitutional Convention
The Constitutional Convention took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The result of the Convention was the creation of the United States Constitution, placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States. -
Northwest Ordinance
The Northwest Ordinance, adopted July 13, 1787, by the Second Continental Congress, chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory. An Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States, North-West of the River Ohio. -
Election of 1788
The first quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789. It was conducted under the new United States Constitution, which had been ratified earlier in 1788. In the election, George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president, and John Adams became the first vice president. George Washington was a god-like figure and everybody pretty much loved him. -
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New Republic
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Bill of rights
The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. It was crafted to address the objections raised by Anti-Federalists, the Bill of Rights amendments add to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and rights, clear limitations on the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and explicit declarations that all powers not specifically delegated to Congress by the Constitution are reserved for the states or the people. -
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The Constitution
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Bank of the United States
The bank of the United States did a numerous of things. They made depositories, loans and stabilized currency and the economy -
Jay's Treaty
On November 19, 1794 representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed Jay’s Treaty, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence. The treaty proved unpopular with the American public but did accomplish the goal of maintaining peace between the two nations and preserving U.S. neutrality. -
Whiskey Rebellion
By 1794, the Whiskey Rebellion threatened the stability of the nascent United States and forced President Washington to personally lead the United States militia westward to stop the rebels. By 1791 the United States suffered from significant debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. Secretary Hamilton, intended to use the excise tax to lessen this financial burden. Despite resistance from Anti-Federalists like Thomas Jefferson, Congress passed the legislation. -
Cotton Gin
A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation. The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens, while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing. The cotton gin helped increase more slavery because the slave owners was making alot of money off the cotton gin and wanted more slaves to pick cotton to produce more. -
Election of 1796
The United States presidential election of 1796 was the first contested American presidential election and the only one to elect a President and Vice President from opposing tickets. Although Adams won, Thomas Jefferson received more electoral votes than Pinckney and was elected Vice-President. -
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Westward Expansion
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Period: to
Age of Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
The United States purchased approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory from France, thereby doubling the size of the young republic. What was known as Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. 15 states was eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. -
Alexander Hamilton
Alexander Hamilton was one of the Founding Fathers. He believed in a strong central government. This means he wants the "rich and smart" to be in control of everything. He was a federalist and catered to the rich. He really did not care about the lower class. He did, however, have a strong influence over Washington. He was an influential interpreter and promoter of the U.S. Constitution, as well as the founder of the nation's financial system -
Lewis and Clark
Lewis was the secretary to Jefferson. He lead the expedition. He was accompanied by Clark. Clark was an army officer. He also had mapping experience. They sailed up the Missouri River in kneel boats. They negotiated treaties with the natives to bring peace with them. After they informed traders and settlers of the U.S acquisition. To help them along the journey they met a Natve girl Sacagawea. She was a translator and showed peaceful intitions. If it wasn't for her they wouldn't have succeeded. -
Embargo Act of 1807
The Embargo Act of 1807 was a law passed by the United State Congress and signed by President Thomas Jefferson on December 22, 1807. It prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports. It deprived Britain and France of American goods. It was a very unpopular in seaports. At the same time, French and British ships would be banned from American waters. -
War of 1812
The United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country’s future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, and America’s desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the war, including the capture and burning of the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C. -
Battle of New Orleans
the two sides met in what is remembered as one of the conflict’s biggest and most decisive engagements. In the bloody Battle of New Orleans, Andrew Jackson and a motley assortment of militia fighters, frontiersmen, slaves, Indians and even pirates weathered a frontal assault by a superior British force, inflicting devastating casualties along the way. The victory vaulted Jackson to national stardom, and helped foil plans for a British invasion of the American frontier. -
Panic of 1819
The Panic of 1819 was a crisis in financial and economic conditions following the War of 1812, a period of national exuberance and the establishment of the Second Bank of America. The Panic of 1819 was part of a worldwide financial crisis but the inept management of the Second Bank of America caused the U.S. panic by first extending far too much credit, then quickly restricting it. The Panic of 1819 was the first Important financial crisis in the United States -
Adams-Onis Treaty
The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution -
Election of 1824
John Quincy Adams was elected President. T In this election, the Democratic-Republican Party splintered as four separate candidates sought the presidency. Such splintering had not yet led to formal party organization, but later the faction led by Andrew Jackson would evolve into the Democratic Party, while the factions led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and later the Whig Party. -
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Age of Jackson
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Changes in Communication
New ways of communication came about. They invented the telegraph. This was a quicker way to send messages through signals. It allows people to receive information faster and they didn't have to wait for it to be delivered through the mail. Also, the printer was created. this was a quicker way to make flyers for presidential campaigns and for them to make multiple copies of books other resources. -
Changes in transportation
They soon started building or making modern roads. This means that they aren't riding on dirt all the time. Also, they created steamboats. Steamboats helped transport things on waterways faster than by car. They also made canals. Canals are man-made. They built them so they have more ways to get places by boat since that was quicker. Finally, they made railroads. Railroads were made so that people can ride from place to place faster than driving by car. -
Election of 1828
The United States presidential election of 1828 featured a rematch between John Quincy Adams, now incumbent President, and Andrew Jackson. Unlike the 1824 election, no other major candidates appeared in the race, allowing Jackson to consolidate a power base and easily win an electoral victory over Adams. The Democratic Party drew support from the existing supporters of Jackson and their coalition with the supporters of Crawford -
Nullification Crisis
The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. The U.S. suffered an economic downturn throughout the 1820s, and South Carolina was particularly affected. Many South Carolina politicians blamed the change in fortunes on the national tariff policy that developed after the War of 1812 to promote American manufacturing over its European competition. -
Tariff Act of 1832
The new bill was a protectionist tariff, attempting to protect local producers from foreign competitors by setting the tariff on imported goods. But, it would not protect those domestic producers evenly. It benefited the textile industries in the North by forcing people to buy more domestic products. At the same time, it hindered southern cotton farmers, because the English textile industry couldn't buy as much cotton.With the debate raging, several southerners were wary of the coming effects. -
Battle of Gonzalez
The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers. In 1831, Mexican authorities gave the settlers of Gonzales a small cannon to help protect them from frequent Comanche raids. Over the next four years, the political situation in Mexico deteriorated, and in 1835 several states revolted. -
Trail of Tears
Nearly 125,000 Native Americans lived on millions of acres of land in Georgia, Tennessee, etc, land their ancestors had occupied and cultivated for generations. By the end of the decade, very few natives remained anywhere in the southeastern United States. The federal government forced them to leave their homelands and walk thousands of miles to a specially designated “Indian territory” across the Mississippi River. -
Election of 1836
It was the only race in which a major political party intentionally ran several presidential candidates. The Whigs ran four different candidates in different regions of the country, hoping that each would be popular enough to defeat Democratic standard-bearer Martin Van Buren in their respective areas. The House of Representatives could then decide between the competing Whig candidates. -
Election of 1840
The United States presidential election of 1840 saw President Martin Van Buren fight for re-election against an economic depression and a Whig Party unified for the first time behind war hero William Henry Harrison. Rallying under the slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler, too,” the Whigs easily defeated Van Buren. This election was unique in that elector cast votes for four men who had been or would become President of the United States. -
Temperance Movement
The Temperance Movement was an organized effort during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to limit or outlaw the consumption and production of alcoholic beverages in the United States. These people feared that God would no longer bless the United States and that these ungodly and unscrupulous people posed a threat to America's political system.Temperance advocates encouraged their fellow Americans to reduce the amount of alcohol that they consumed. -
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Cultural Changes
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Election of 1844
United States presidential election of 1844, American presidential election held in 1844 in which Democratic candidate James K. Polk defeated Whig candidate Henry Clay with 170 electoral votes to Clay’s 105.At the time, the two major parties each had wings in the Northern United States and the Southern United States, but the possibility of the expansion of slavery threatened the ability of both parties to reach inter-sectional compromises. -
Second Great Awakening
many people in the U.S. no longer regularly attended church services. Some believed that God did not play an important role in everyday life. Other people had become too consumed with earning a living to have time to worship God. As a result of declining religious convictions, many religious faiths sponsored religious revivals. These revivals emphasized human beings' dependence upon God. -
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The phrase was first employed by John L. O’Sullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited. -
Anti-slavery Movement
Advocating for immediate emancipation distinguished abolitionists from more moderate anti-slavery advocates who argued for gradual emancipation, and from free-soil activists who sought to restrict slavery to existing areas and prevent its spread further west. Radical abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening, which prompted many people to advocate for emancipation on religious grounds. Abolitionist ideas became increasingly prominent. -
Seneca Falls Convention
A woman’s rights convention–the first ever held in the United States–convenes with almost 200 women in attendance. The convention was organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, two abolitionists who met at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. As women, Mott and Stanton were barred from the convention floor, and the common indignation that this aroused in both of them was the impetus for their founding of the women’s rights movement in the United States. -
Mexican American War
The Mexican-American War marked the first U.S. armed conflict chiefly fought on foreign soil. It pitted a politically divided and militarily unprepared Mexico against the expansionist-minded administration of U.S. President James K. Polk, who believed the United States had a “manifest destiny” to spread across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. When the dust cleared, Mexico had lost about one-third of its territory -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the Mexican-American War in favor of the United States. The war had begun almost two years earlier, in May 1846, over a territorial dispute involving Texas. The treaty added an additional 525,000 square miles to United States territory, including the including the land that makes up all or parts of present-day Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming. -
Election of 1848
The United States presidential election of 1848 was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. It was won by Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party, who ran against Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party and former President Martin Van Buren of the newly formed Free Soil Party. Incumbent President James K. Polk, having achieved all of his major objectives in one term and suffering from declining health, kept his promise not to seek re-election -
California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 sparked the Gold Rush, arguably one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first half of the 19th century. As news spread of the discovery, thousands of prospective gold miners traveled by sea or over land to San Francisco and the surrounding area; by the end of 1849, the non-native population of the California territory was some 100,000 -
Millennialism
George Whitefield cautioned readers against ignoring the eventual but certain judgment of God on man's misdeeds. Tom Paine hailed the coming Revolution as a chance to begin the world again, a political analog to religious millennialism. Either way, millennialist tradition came early to America, entangling the religious longing for the return of Christ with the exploration of a new world where it might happen. -
Growing Cities
In the growing cities they had first slurns and the first working class neighborhoods. Also. multiple families dwelling. They started off small but soon began to grow as time went on. They had a massive amount of transportation and this helped the city grow into a metropolises a lot. -
Transcendentalism
TRANSCENDENTALISM is a very formal word that describes a very simple idea. People, men, and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they can see, hear, taste, touch or feel. This knowledge comes through intuition and imagination not through logic or the senses. People can trust themselves to be their own authority on what is right. -
Compromise of 1850
Divisions over slavery in territory gained in the Mexican-American (1846-48). War were resolved in the Compromise of 1850. It consisted of laws admitting California as a free state, creating Utah and New Mexico territories with the question of slavery in each to be determined by popular sovereignty, settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in the former’s favor, ending the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and making it easier for southerners to recover fugitive slaves. -
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Sectionalism
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Immigration
Many people started to immigrate to the major cities as they were coming up. The reason why most Irish did immigrate was that of the potato famine. The Germans immigrated to the cities because they had poor harvest and their political system was not very good. The Scandinavians and british moved beause of economic opportunities. -
Fugitive Slave Act
the first Fugitive Slave Act authorized local governments to seize and return escaped slaves to their owners and imposed penalties on anyone who aided in their flight. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which added further provisions regarding runaways and levied even harsher punishments for interfering in their capture. The Fugitive Slave Acts were among the most controversial laws of the early 19th century, and many Northern states passed special legislation in an attempt to circumvent them. -
Election of 1852
The incumbent President was a Whig who had succeeded to the presidency upon the death of his war hero predecessor; in this case, it was Millard Fillmore who followed General Zachary Taylor. The Whig party passed over the incumbent for nomination — casting aside Fillmore in favor of General Winfield Scott. The Democrats nominated a "dark horse" candidate, this time Franklin Pierce. The Whigs again campaigned on the obscurity of the Democratic candidate, and once again this strategy failed. -
Free Black Communities
The largest free black communities were in the north in midwest. There was major segregation in the north but it was not as bad as it was in the south. Blacks had to deal with discrimination and prejudice. They were treated differently because of their skin color and did not have the same rights as the whites. They had to compete for jobs with immigrants. Hostility did rise along with additional prejudice. -
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin is a novel which showed the stark reality of slavery and is generally regarded as one of the major causes of the Civil War. The novel was written in 1852 by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe, a teacher at the Hartford Female Academy and a dedicated abolitionist, who was once greeted by Abraham Lincoln as the ‘little lady who started a war. The novel features Uncle Tom, an African-American slave whose long-suffering story touched millions. -
Upper and Lower South
The upper south had no fertile land so they did not grow as much cotton. They had shorter growing seasons and had diversified crops. Slavery did, however, was slowly starting to die out. They would sell their slaves to the lower south. The lower south had dark rich soil and longer growing seasons. They wanted the cotton cultivation to spread west. The reason why is because the cotton exhausted the soil of nutrients. -
Frederick Douglass
After escaping from slavery in Maryland, he became a national leader of the abolitionist movement in Massachusetts and New York, gaining note for his dazzling oratory[6] and incisive antislavery writings. In his time, he was described by abolitionists as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizen. Northerners at the time found it hard to believe that such a great orator had once been a slave. -
Battle of Goliad
In November 1853, Texan leaders proclaimed their resistance to Santa Anna’s dictatorship, though they stopped short of calling for independence. The next month, the Texans managed to defeat 800 Mexican soldiers stationed in San Antonio. However, the rebel leaders remained deeply divided over what to do next, making them vulnerable to Santa Anna’s ruthless determination to suppress dissension. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. The Act served to repeal the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30´. The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. -
Bleeding Kansas
Bleeding Kansas is the term used to described the period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory. In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraksa Act overturned the Missouri Compromise’s use of latitude as the boundary between slave and free territory and instead, using the principle of popular sovereignty, decreed that the residents would determine whether the area became a free state or a slave state. Proslavery and free-state settlers flooded into Kansas to try to influence the decision. -
Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of people, many African American, offering shelter and aid to escaped slaves. The exact dates of its operation are not known, but it operated anywhere from the late 18th century to the Civil War. The Underground Railroad was formed as a convergence of various clandestine efforts at the time. -
Election of 1860
The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of states' rights and slavery in the territories. In 1860, this issue finally came to a head, fracturing the formerly dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single Southern state. -
North
In the north, there were about 22 million people. They had 110,000 factories. The reason why is because that is how they make their money. They made aboutn1.5 billion dollars off of their factories. 97% of weapons were manufactured. 94% of clothing was manufactured and 90% of shoes and boots were manufactured in the north. They had up to 22,000 miles of railroad tracks too. In the civil war they believed they were fighting to uphold the constitution or union. -
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The Civil War
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Battle of Antietam
The Battle of Antietam, also called the Battle of Sharpsburg, occurred September 22, 1862, at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland. It pitted Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia against Union General George McClellan’s Army of the Potomac and was the culmination of Lee’s attempt to invade the north. The battle’s outcome would be vital to shaping America’s future, and it remains the deadliest one-day battle in all American military history. -
South
The south had a population of about 5.5 million people and 3.5 million slaves. They only had 18,000 factories because industrialization wasn't their money maker in the south. They only made about 155 million dollars off of the industries. They manufactured 3% of the weapons. They only had 9,000 miles of railroad tracks, which is not a lot at all. They did however have really good military leadership and a great history of competent military leaders. -
Battle of Vicksburg
The Battle of Vicksburg was the culmination of a long land and naval campaign by Union forces to capture a key strategic position during the American Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln recognized the significance of the town situated on a 200-foot bluff above the Mississippi River. Capturing Vicksburg would sever the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy from that east of the Mississippi River and open the river to Northern traffic along its entire length. -
Trent Affair
The Trent Affair took place between the United States and Great Britain. The crisis erupted after the captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to seek support for the South in the Civil War. The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were outraged and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. -
Conscription Act
The conscription act produced the first wartime draft of U.S. citizens in American history. The act called for registration of all males between the ages of 20 and 45, including aliens with the intention of becoming citizens, by April 1. Exemptions from the draft could be bought for $300 or by finding a substitute draftee. This clause led to bloody draft riots in New York City, where protesters were outraged that exemptions were effectively granted only to the wealthiest U.S. citizens. -
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter is an island fortification located in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. Originally constructed in 1829 as a coastal garrison, Fort Sumter is most famous for being the site of the first shots of the Civil War. U.S. Major Robert Anderson occupied the unfinished fort in December 1860 following South Carolina’s secession from the Union, initiating a standoff with the state’s militia forces. -
Twenty Negro Law
The "Twenty Negro Law", was a piece of legislation enacted by the Confederate Congress during the American Civil War. The law specifically exempted from Confederate military service one white man for every twenty slaves owned on a Confederate plantation, or for two or more plantations within five miles of each other that collectively had twenty or more slaves.The law addressed Confederate fears of a slave rebellion due to so many white men being absent from home. -
Assassination
On the evening of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth, a famous actor and Confederate sympathizer, assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. The attack came only five days after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his massive army at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War. -
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Reconstruction
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Compromise of 1877
As a bipartisan congressional commission debated over the outcome early in 1877, allies of the Republican Party candidate Rutherford Hayes met in secret with moderate southern Democrats in order to negotiate acceptance of Hayes’ election. The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes’ victory on the condition that Republicans withdraw all federal troops from the South, thus consolidating Democratic control over the region. As a result of the so-called Compromise of 1877
