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Hand bombs
During the Great War, hand grenades were referred to as "hand bombs." They helped soldiers kill enemies who were hidden beneath ground or behind cover and to push them out into the open so they could be more easily targeted. While defensive grenades spread shell pieces on explosion, grenades inflicted damage through shock waves. During the war, lighting grenades, gas, and smoke were all used. These grenades were made from steel, iron, and brass; some even had cardboard or wood handles. -
hand bombs*no precises date*
They came with several designs and called by many names, such as Battye bombs, Citron Foug, Newton-Pippin, Petard, Besozzi, Kugel, Cigaro, and Sigwart (2023 National WWI Museum and Memorial n.d.). -
Balkan Wars
Following that, Bosnia, which was made up of a complicated mixture of Muslims, Croats, and Serbs, wanted independence. Under leader Radovan Karadzic, the Serbs in Bosnia, with help from their counterparts in different areas of Yugoslavia, opposed and threatened to use violence if the majority of Muslims and Croats tried to split. War broke out quickly, even if a 1992 European referendum had approved it (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023). -
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Balkan Wars (first box)
Following Tito's passing in 1980, hostilities in Yugoslavia flared up again. In 1991, nationalist organizations pushing for greater freedom led to independence declarations in Slovenia and Croatia. In response, the army of Yugoslavia which was primarily composed of Serbs reacted violently, sparking fighting in Slovenia and then Croatia. The latter war, which claimed thousands of lives, came to an end in 1992 by a truce overseen by the UN. -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
On June 28, 1914, around 11 am 2 shots wounded Archduke Ferdinand and his wife Sophie the Duchess of Hohenberg The person who was suspected of doing this was a 19-year-old named Gavrilo Princip from Bosnian Serb. He said he is connected with the black hand which is also tied to the Serbian Government. There was another attempt before this around 10:15 when another guy named Nedeljko Cabrinovic, also a Bosnian Serb, Threw a bomb at the car Archduke and his wife were in. -
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
The black hand is the work of anti-Austrian propaganda which is based in Serbia, which had sabotages, undercover workers, and political killers around the world (National WWI Museum and Memorial, 2023). -
World War I begins
The murder of Austria's Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 triggered the start of World War I, also known as the Great War. His murder provided a start for the European War, which broke out in 1918. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire the Central Powers fought against the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Russia, Italy, and Romania the Allied Powers during the four-year battle. -
World War I begins
The horrors of fighting in trenches and advancements in warfare led to the unimaginable levels of death and destruction that marked World War I. More than 16 million people had died during the war, both soldiers and civilians, by the time the Allied Powers had won (History.com Editors, 2021). -
Lusitania sinks
Lusitania is a British liner that was sunk by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. The German submarine sunk 37 ships. Out of 1,959 people in Lusitania, only 761 lived. It held 173 tons of rifle ammunition and shells on the ship and sank in only 18 minutes. It was recommended to the captain to avoid the area and to do zigzagging to confuse the German U-boats, but then the captain ignored it and it led to the sinking of the ship (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023). -
Battle of Verdun
The Germans captured heights on the east side of the River Meuse at Verdun, which was deliberately chosen for its influence over the ninety-six French divisions that were vital to Allied combat. With the intention of destroying French formations and minimizing German infantry employment, the plan called for the deployment of roughly 1200 artillery pieces (Bidou, 2023). -
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Battle of Verdun (first box)
The war of Verdun, which took place between February 21 and December 15, 1916, is the longest conflict in modern history. It was created by German Chief of General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn with the goal of giving Germany an impressive victory on the Western Front. Falkenhayn wanted to destroy the French army before the British forces could fully deploy and fortify the Allies' position. -
Battle of Gallipoli, Somme
The Somme plan was conceived by Sir Henry Rawlinson and Sir Douglas Haig. Haig became known as "The Butcher" as a result of the enormous number of casualties he sustained throughout the fight (History.com Editors, 2023). -
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Battle of Gallipoli, Somme (first box)
Famously lasting from July 1 to November 18, 1916, the Battle of the Somme was one of the most significant battles of World War I. The Allies wanted a decisive victory on the Western Front after eighteen months of trench warfare stalemate. The German onslaught at Verdun forced the British to assume the initiative in 1916, despite the original intention for a combined British and French offensive. -
Mark 1 Battle of Flers-Courcelette
The Mark I tank, with its characteristic steering tail, was a major advancement in military technology even if it had problems regarding usefulness and reliability during the war. The ongoing developments and use of tanks in combat were made possible by this invention. Early problems were then fixed by later tank models, which constantly confirmed their important function in impacting the tactics and plans of today's armed forces. -
Mark 1 Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Tanks proved useful on the battlefield, showing their lasting impact on military operations. The Mark I tank's important developments to military innovation are still being felt today, as seen by its ongoing growth and advancement (Imperial War Museums 2023 n.d.). -
Zimmermann Notes
Bethmann, Ludendorff, and Hindenburg convened at Pless Castle in Silesia in January 1917 for a pivotal conference. The principal objective was to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any commerce ships, regardless of whether the vessel was belligerent or neutral. Bethmann worked hard to uphold American neutrality and respond to concerns raised by President Woodrow Wilson of the United States. -
Zimmermann Notes
All three panelists did, however, agree that American involvement in the conflict was becoming more likely. Before this, Bethmann had approached European neutrals with Germany's proposals for peace and received encouraging replies. He encouraged Wilson to continue peace efforts by putting Wilson through the same idea. Sadly, Bethmann's appeal was made on the same day that the State Department received notice on January 31 that an all-out submarine warfare campaign was about to begin the next day -
Zimmermann Notes
(The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023). -
Russian Revolution
There was also a group of individuals in Petrograd who became enraged and began stealing from the cops. The authorities wanted them to stop, but some troops refused to assist them, and when they attempted to use force, it was ineffective and just served to inflame the situation (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023). -
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Russian Revolution (first box)
In February women were celebrating Women's Day and many workers in Petrograd were not happy with their pay. They all got together and formed a large group, and with their anger, the leaders paid them little attention. More people arrived the next day, some of whom were angry about the war and the authorities in addition to their want for more food. -
US Enters War
A preparedness movement that was supported by former president Theodore Roosevelt began to take shape in 1915 and called for the United States to develop a strong military. Governor Martin Glynn said at the Democratic National Convention that despite this, many people still wanted to remain neutral in the war in 1916, showing the spread of the neutrality idea in the USA (National WWI Museum and Memorial, 2023). -
U.S. enters War
Most Americans supported President Wilson's strict neutral position when the First World War broke out in 1914 and wanted to avoid action. While many Americans wanted to help and some thought the United States should be ready for war, most chose to remain quiet. Yet tons of Americans felt bad for Britain, France, and their allies even their strict rule of being neutral. Also, 10% of Americans were of German ancestry and wanted US independence (National WWI Museum and Memorial, 2023). -
Russia withdraws from war
The reasons Russia exited the First World War were internal conflicts, poor performance of the army, and economic issues. Russia had to leave the war in 1917 given the fact that they had a new temporary leader in place at the time because of the overthrow of the Tsarist. During the fight, a large number of Russian soldiers were killed. This, together with food shortages and price increases, led Russia to declare an end to war in March 1918. It also influenced the Treaty of Versailles -
Russia withdraws from war
(History for Kids, 2023). -
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Battle of Chateau-Thierry (first box)
Ludendorff threatened Paris and once more attempted to destroy and isolate the British Expeditionary Force. On July 15, 1918, the Germans launched the Battle of Chateau-Thierry in an attempt to take advantage of the gap that divided the town from the Argonne Forest. The French, having learned of the near attack from captured German prisoners, still took a defensive stance. -
Battle of Chateau-Thierry
Reiterating Haig's "backs to the wall" directive, General Henri Gouraud fought his army one week prior to the German attack on July 7. Highlighting the benefits of their new terrain, Gouraud encouraged his men to resist the approaching attack and focused their efforts on pushing back the enemy in order to win a spectacular victory (History on the Net, 2023). -
Trench gun
The trench gun was a commercial repeating shotgun with a shorter barrel that was converted for military service in World War I. These guns made for a terrifying close-range weapon since they included bayonet attachments and heat shields. Soldiers were better able to squeeze through the tight corners of the trenches because of the shorter barrel. It gave attacking soldiers an advantage since it was easy to eliminate parts of the trench. -
Trench gun
Packed with five or six rounds of 12-gauge buckshot, each shot released nine pellets in the.33 caliber, providing close-range firepower and an awful impact on the enemy (Pike, T. 2022, April 28). -
Battle of Argonne
The Germans withdrew on the eleventh day, admitting they had been outmaneuvered. At the same time, the French continued to march slowly over the lowlands of Aisne. American forces had advanced 10 miles, French forces 20 miles, and the Argonne was free of German forces on October 31(The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2023). -
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Battle of Argonne ( first box)
Following the German withdrawal from the Marne River in July, new offensives were started by General Foch and the Allied leadership. With the Americans west of the river and the French west of the Argonne Forest, the Meuse Valley was the focus of one major operation. The surprise attack of General Pershing got an advance of five miles along the Meuse, but only two miles in the difficult Argonne. Attack after attack, despite challenges, broke through German defenses. -
Armistice of WWI
It was the firing of Allies and Germany on November 11, 1918. The Armistice did not end WWI but was able to have an agreement not to fight on the Western Front. Germany was able to gain territory but they ran out of supplies and help. But then the Allies were able to push back. After 4 years the word around Germany about their military defeats ended up in trouble in their society and revolutions. Kaiser Wilhelm II gave up in November of 1918. Germany had to sign the Allies terms (Sawer, n.d.). -
The Treaty of Versailles signed
On June 28, 1919, in the Palace of Versailles, which is situated outside of Paris, France, the Treaty of Versailles was signed. The five-year war came to a formal conclusion with a number of agreements, including this one. The Treaty of Versailles included the terms of peace that the victorious Allies—led by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and Germany agreed upon. Other Central Powers, including Austria-Hungary, discussed other treaties with the Allies. -
The Treaty of Versailles signed
It was the most controversial because of the loss of land and the cutback on military and payment to the Allied powers (National Geographic Society, 2023). -
First meeting of the League of Nations
The League of Nations was the first intergovernmental group set to help countries work together and provide global peace and safety. The Covenant of the League of Nations was incorporated into The Treaty of Versailles and all the other unity settlements signed in Paris after WWI. The Covenant consisted of an introduction and 26 sections. Which really showed their mission of helping countries work together to provide global peace and safety. -
First meeting of the League of Nations
Three main parts made up the League of Nations: the Assembly, which administered uniform treatment to all member states which are the Council, which had both fixed and rotating members; and the Administration, which managed daily activities in Switzerland. To help in getting things done, they also had additional groups(United Nations, n.d.).