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Division of Palestine into Palestine and Israel
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
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The Cold War
Both the American and the Soviets wanted to avoid a direct military confrontation, since this could lead to nuclear war, but there was a lot of tension bewteen the countries.
·The USA and the USSR intervened in military and economically conflicts
·There was a balance of terroe bewteen the countries because both countries had the nuclear weapons
·Both used the UN to intervene in conflicts or discuss problems peacefully
·The superpowers competed with one another in the space race -
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Greek Civil lWar
It was bewteen the supporters of Paul I of Greece, who was supported by the USA, and a Soviet-blacked communist guerrilla army. The monarchist won so Greece remained a Western-Bloc country. -
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The initial phase of the Cold War
During this phase there was a high leven of tension bewteen the superpowers. -
The Berlin Wall
It divided Germany into two areas, West Germany, with its capital in Bonn controlled by France, Great Britain and USA, and East Germany with the capital in East Berlin, controllled by the USSR. In, 1961, East Germany built the Berlin Wall to stop the population of East Berlin escaping to West Berlin. -
Great Britain's mandate over Palestine ended and it withdrew
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
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Berlin Blockade
The USSR blocked the Western Allies' land access to West Berlin, so spplies had to be brought in by air until the blockade was lifted. -
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First Arab-Israeli War
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
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Korean War
Korea was divided into North Korea and South Korea -
Military coup and Fulgencio Batista dictatorship
This was during the Cuban Missile Crisis -
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The Vietnam War
After gaining independence from France, Vietnam was divided in two parts, this division was the main cause of the Vietnam War, other causes were:
-the emergence of the Vietcong, supported by North Vietnam
-The involvement of the United States
In 1969 Nixon withdraw some troops from Vietnam, in 1973 a peace settlement was signed and in 1975 North Vietnam took controll of South Vietnam
Consequences for USA
-Brutality of American military
-The unpopularity of the Democratic party increased -
Suez Crisis
Abdel Nasser declared that the Suez Canal belonged to Egypt, France and Great Britain send troops to the area, but when they heard the USSR was going to support Egypt they withdrew their troops because they did not had the support of USA -
Treaty of Rome
Where the EEC was founded, its main objective was to eliminate customs barriers bewteen member states. At the same time the European Atomic Energy Communuty(EURATOM) was also established. These organizations were made up of West Germany, Italy, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. -
Suptnik 1 and Sputnik 2
It was an USSR achievement in the Cold War, the first artificial space satelite, Sputnik 1, was launched. It simply emitted signale, and then Sputnik 2 took a dog to space. -
Revolution led by Fidel Castro
This was during the Cuban Missile Crisis -
Vostok 1
It was a USSR achievement in space during the Cold War, was launched with the astronaut Yuri Gagarin aboard. -
Castro made an alliance with the USSR and the Soviets were able to place nuclear weapons pointed towards the USA in Cuba
This was during the Cuban Missile Crisis -
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The easing of tensions
Tension bewteen the superpowers eased
-President John Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev were more flexible in their negotiations
-A number of international conferences of disarmament were held
Despite these easing tensions, the conflict bewteen USA and the USSR was unavoiable -
Palestinian Liberation Organization
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
Germini missions
This was an USA achievement. These were to prepare the astronauts who would later travel to the Moon -
Six-Day War
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
Apollo 11 landed on the Moon
It was an USA achievment, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the Moon. -
Salyut 1
It was an USSR achievement, it was the first space station. -
Oil Crisis
The main cause of this crisis was the 19723 Yom Kippur War in which Syrua attacked Israel to recover territories they had lost. The Israeli army fought off the attack, and Egypt and Syria were forced to begin peace negotiations. The Arab countries adopted the following measures:
-OPECinplemented an embargo on exports of crude oil to Western countries that supported Israel
-This countries increased oil prices. The price of a barrel of crude oil went from $3 in 1973 to $12 in 1974. -
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The dissolution of the USSR
This brougt an end to the bipolar system and the Cold War, in 1985 Gorbachev became Secretary General of the Soviet Communist oarty and leader of the USSR. His reforms were:
-the introduciton of private ownership of land in order to stimulate agricultural production and food shortages
-idustry was give more more autonomy
-spendings cuts were introduced
As a result of the perestroike nationalism resurged in the USSR
-the USSR was replaced by the CIS
-The R federattion is the most important republ -
Treaty of Accession
Spain eventually signed this treaty, and the following year became an official member of the EEC. -
The Single European Act
This agreement aimed to achieve greater economic integration bewteen the member states -
First Intifada
This was during the Arab-Israeli conflict -
The Eastern Bloc collapsed
The main transition to the democracy was Gorbachev's foreign policy. In 1987 he signed an agreement with USA i which he promised to withdraw Russian troops from Western Europe. This agreement weakened the communist regimes.
These were some of the most important events in the collapse of communism in the Eastern Bloc:
-In Poland the trade union Solidarity was legalised and became a political party
-In Berlin the wall was pulled down in 1989
-In Czechoslovakia nationalist movements grew -
The COMECON was dissolved
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The Maasrticht Treaty
This treaty established the European Union, as well as the process of economic and monetary union. It also established other objectives, including greater cooperation bewteen member states on foreign policy, defence, policing and justice, as well as new EU policies in areas such as education and development -
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First Cherchen War
Began when Chechnya declared its independence. The goverment of the Russian Federation sent its armed forces to occupy Chechnya and take back control of its oil and natural gas deposits. -
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Second Cherchen War
Began when Russia occupied Cherchnya as a reprisal for terrorist attacks in various Europea cities, for which the Russian goverment blamed Cherchnya. Despite the Russian occupation, Cherchen resistance continued -
Invasion of Afghanistan
Afghanistan was considered to be Al-Qaeda's base. NATO troops occipued the country with UN support. The involvement of both NATO and the UN meant that the USA had international support for its actions. -
Al-Qaeda attacked the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York
President George Bush Jr. declared a War on Terror in response to the attackes. He established a doctrine of preventive war, defending the right to act against any threat to the security of the country, such as a terrorist organization or a country that suppoerted terrorists -
Iraq War
Iraq was considered to be a country that collaborated in international terrorism. It was also believed to have weapons of mass destruction, altought none were ever found there. Neither the UN nor NATO supported this war, but some individual countries supported the USA, including Great Britain, Spain and Portugal -
The 2008 Financial Crisis
One of the main characteristics of capitalist countries is that they gi through a constant cycle of economic growth and recession (economic crisis). This is why having suffered the oil crises in the 1970s, the capitalist countries faced another economic crisis in 2008, this time, a financial one.