World History 2: Time toast Topics for Chapter 22 By LukeOgle 400 BCE Aristotle explained the geocentric theory 140 BCE Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory 1543 Andreas Vesalius published On the Fabric of the Human Body – detailing dissection of human bodies 1543 Nicolaus Copernicus reasoned the heliocentric theory 1590 Zacharias Janssen invented the microscope 1602 Galileo developed the law of pendulum 1616 William Harvey showed that the heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body 1620 Francis Bacon published Novum Organum which encouraged the experimental method 1621 Johannes Kepler published the first two laws of planetary 1633 Galileo was put under house arrest by an Inquisition for supporting Copernicus's theory 1637 Rene Descartes published Discourse of Method which set forth his reasoning 1643 Evangelista Torricelli developed the first mercury barometer 1651 Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan – social contract (people give up rights to a strong ruler who maintains order) 1662 Robert Boyle created Boyle's Law 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw red blood cells for the first time 1687 Isaac Newton published the Law of Gravity 1689 John Locke explained his theory of “natural rights” (life, liberty, and property) 1694 Francois-Marie Arouet changed his name to Voltaire and goes on to champion individual freedoms 1694 Mary Astell wrote A Serious Proposal to the Ladies – addressing the lack of educational opportunities for women 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit made the first thermometer to use mercury in glass ( 32= freezing 212=boiling) 1728 Denis Diderot published the first volume of the Encyclopedia – a collection of enlightened thinkers works 1740 The enlightened despot, Fredrick ll, began his rule of Prussia 1742 Anders Celsius created a scale for the mercury thermometer ( 0= freezing 100= boiling) 1748 Montesquieu published On the Spirit of Laws – detailing separation of powers in government 1749 Emilie du Châtalet (a mathematician and physicist) translated Newton’s work from Latin into French 1750 Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin held her first salon of philosophers 1750 The Baroque Period began in art, music, and architecture (Bach and Handel were composers 1762 The enlightened despot, Catherine the Great, began her rule of Russia 1762 Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote The Social Contract – free individuals create a society and government 1764 Cesare Beccaria published On Crimes and Punishments – railing against common abuses of justice 1774 Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen 1776 Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence 1778 Antoine Lavoisier discovered and named gas oxygen 1780 The enlightened despot, Joseph ll, began his rule of Austria. 1787 The U.S. enacted the Constitution – establishing a federal system, separation of powers, checks and balances 1791 The U.S. Congress added the Bill of Rights (first 10 amendments) to the Constitution 1791 Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman – promoting women’s education as virtuous 1796 Edward Jenner introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox 1809 The Classical Period began in art, music, and architecture (Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were composers)
