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In which he argues against woman suffrage using essentialist arguments, but also against universal male suffrage as a way to maintain social purity
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Yet "failed to impose a national conception of voting rights" (Keyssar, 2000)
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An alternative to emancipation in the U.S., based on the idea that blacks and white could not live together and thus that black people were better off migrating to Africa, to a country now known as Liberia
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by Emma Willard; A school in Troy, NY, which aimed at providing young women the same higher education as their male peers
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Created by Catharine Beecher; one of the first major educational institutions for women
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First higher education institution for both men and women, black and white
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From which women were excluded by a vote on the first day
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Mostly written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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The real and personal property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues and profits thereof shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female
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“That it is the duty of the women of this country to
secure to themselves their sacred right to the
elective franchise.” -
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Worcester, Massachusetts
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Speech by Sojourner Truth at the Woman's Right Convention in Akron, Ohio
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Black citizenship denied
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Antoinette Brown Blackwell moved to add a resolution calling for legislation on marriage reform; they wanted laws that would give women the right to separate from or divorce a husband who had demonstrated drunkenness, insanity, desertion or cruelty. Wendell Phillips argued against the resolution, fracturing the executive committee on the matter. Susan B. Anthony also supported the measure, but it was defeated by vote after a heated debate.
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Goal = campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would abolish slavery
Organized by ECS (president), and SBA (secretary). In the largest petition drive in the nation's history up to that time, it collected nearly 400k signatures on petitions to abolish slavery and presented them to Congress. Its petition drive significantly assisted the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which ended slavery in the U.S.
Disbanded in Aug 1864 -
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During which Wendell Phillips famously said "the hour of the negro has come"
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Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
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During which african-american activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper famously said in a speech: "You white women speak here of rights. I speak of wrongs. I, as a colored woman, have had in this country an education which has made me feel as if I were in the situation of Ishmael, my hand against every man, and every man's hand against me."
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Even though she could not get elected
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The results of the Kansas election saw both women's and black suffrage defeated, with black suffrage receiving 10,483 votes and women's receiving 9,070. With the defeat, equal rights activists were forced to realize that their campaign had failed.
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The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
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Sentenced to a fine
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Court ruled that voting was not an inherent right of citizenship, that the Constitution neither granted nor forbade voting rights for women, and that allowing only male citizens to vote was not an infringement of Minor's rights under the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Part of the Constitutional strategy for advancing woman's suffrage; amendment regularly defeated in Congress, sometimes not even introduced
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Late 19th - early 20th: period of backlash to progress and of better organization of the opposition to woman suffrage;
Only 11 States organized referenda on woman's suffrage bt 1870 and 1910 -
More visibility in the public sphere
Greater access to education and jobs + more jobs open (such as clerk)
Emergence of the Gibson Girl, the New Woman
Lights in the streets (made them feel safer) -
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(BTD = "By that date")
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New constitution, which effectively disenfranchised and disarmed most blacks by erecting barriers to firearms ownership as well as voter registration, by a method of poll taxes, subjective literacy tests, etc
Only 9k black men registered out of 147k -
(bornage approximatif)
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Speech given by Anna Howard Shaw, in which she lamented the results of the South Dakota referenda, especially since the referendum on Indian suffrage got more votes than the one for woman suffrage
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Answer to Shaw's speech by Anna Julia Cooper
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Wyoming
Utah
Colorado
Idaho -
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Speech by Henry B. Blackwell
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Founders of the NACWC included Harriet Tubman, Margaret Murray Washington, Frances E. W. Harper, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Victoria Earle Matthews, Josephine Silone Yates, and Mary Church Terrell.
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Speech given by Mary Church Terrell, first president of the NACW, at the NAWSA Convention
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Woman suffrage as a way to establish "immediate and durable white supremacy, honestly attained"
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(Main trade union at that time)
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By Harriet Stanton Blatch;
Alliance between middle and working class suffragists -
Women married to non-U.S. citizens deprived of their citizenship until they divorced
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Adoption of a resolution for equal wages & rights related to work
Coincides with an increasing involvement of progressive activists and of working class women in the struggle for suffrage -
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Same time as the inauguration of WW for increased visibility
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Create in St Paul, Minnesota - an association of black women from different social classes
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Upheld the Act in Reference to the Expatriation... from 1907
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in which she announced her winning plan, i.e. tuning down on activism to display patriotism during the war "The woman's hour has come" echoing Wendell Phillips' quote
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Protest in front of the White House; unpopular due to war context (even Chapman Catt disapproved of it)
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Citizenship to Puerto Ricans, but no mention of woman suffrage
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Published by NAWSA, with the aim to educate women
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Created by Emily Newell Blair
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Instead considered as "wards", and therefore disenfranchised
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86% turnout in 1920 presidential election
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No more loss of U.S. citizenship, yet still restrictions
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"Men and women shall have equal rights
throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction." -
League of Women Voters
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Yet some states kept disenfranchising them
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First black man in congress
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Article (?) in the Time by Emily Newell Blair;
"Frankly I am quite discouraged about women in politics […] The suffragists have made the same mistake as the
temperance group. Both thought that with their victory they had only to defend their positions […] The suffragists
stopped their educational work of convincing people that
women had a right to equality and devoted themselves to
other interests." -
(Until 1945)
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“no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or Government because of race, creed, color, or national origin.”
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A. Phillip Randolph;
threat of mass marches in D.C. to pressure government into ending segregation in the defense industry (initial march called off after order 8802) -
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Supported by both Reps & Dems, yet not approved in Senate until 1972 - and never ratified due to strong conservative opposition in the 70s - NB: this was a "blanket amendment" and not all feminist agreed with its content (the League of Women Voters opposed it because it would jeopardize labor protection in some states, v. M Church Terrell: “the amendment is not anti-labor, it’s anti-unfair-labor”)
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Educational programs organized by Septima Clark and Ella Baker to help black people pass literacy tests
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Bill designed to provide federal protection for African American voting rights
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The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any
primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for Presidentor Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or bridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll taxor other tax -
a landmark civil rights and labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools and public accommodations, and employment discrimination.
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Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, the Act sought to secure the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country, especially in the South.
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Speech by LBJ
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Between 1882 and 1968
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SC strikes down state supervision of elections brought by the VRA