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Assimilation
Assimilation took place in the late 1800's and directly affected Native American tribes by forcing them to fit in with whites. The Government began programs to support and educate Natives which turned out to just teaching natives how to become a working individual in society -
YMCA
The YMCA, which stands for Young Men's Christian Association, was founded in Boston and started as an effort to give physical fitness to evangelical men, and eventually women as well. Soon, the idea of "Muscular Christianity" developed from the YMCA. The YMCA was important for business and corporations, as it helped relieve some tensions from labor unrest, and allowed workers to learn the physical discipline required by corporate managers -
Bessemer Process
A process by which Andrew Carnegie made steel stronger and cheaper; allowed for massive industrial growth of the U.S. -
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Shipping and railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt was a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century. -
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Transforming The West
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Homestead act
Passed in May 1862, the Homestead Act freed up land in the west, allowing any American, including freed slaves and single women to put in a claim for up to 160 free acres of federal land. By the end of the Civil War, 15,000 homestead claims had been established, and more followed after the war. -
Morrill Land Grant College Act
The Morrill Land Grant College Act was established on July 2 1862, its purpose was to provide education to the people in the states that were involved in agriculture, home economics, mechanical arts, and other professions that were a part of the states at the time. The Land Grant act was introduced by a congressman from vernom named Justin Smith Morrill. -
Standard Oil Trust
The standard oil trust was created by John Rockefeller. Rockefeller had built up his own company buy buying other companies eventually becoming the largest oil refining firm in the world. The company faced legal issues in 1890 and this lead to the Sherman Antitrust Act. The standard oil trust had become an industrial monster and the Antitrust act had established a strong foothold in the U.S. -
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becoming an industrial power
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Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental Railroad, crossing the western half of America was pieced together. The eastern part worked by the Union Pacific, began construction from Omaha and extended 1,087 miles west. The western part, accomplished by the Central Pacific, continued east for 690 miles. It was 1,776 miles long and served the Atlantic and Pacific shores of the United States to be combined by rail for the first time in history. -
Promontory Point
Site in Utah where the railroad lines built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in May 1869, completing the first transcontinental railroad line -
Gilded Age
Late nineteenth century became known as the gilded age because the population in America had doubled in only one generation. The United States became the world’s leading producer for industries such as food, coal, oil and steel. This attracted foreigners because of the money America was making and markets were interested. While money became more popular, citizens doubted if the government would protect workers from the industrial system. -
Red River War
In summer of 1874, The Army launched a plan to remove the Kamanchehs, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, which were all tribes. The U.S primary goal was to enforce the relocation of the tribes and making them migrate to Indian Territory reservations. The Indians aggressively took control over the Southern Plains which they felt like they deserved and had no right to be taken away from the U.S army. -
South Dakota Gold Rush
A rush in this area occurred when an army under Col. George Armstrong Custer went to prove there was no gold in this area for the Sioux's sake but ended up finding massive amounts. Gamblers, miners, desperados, and prostitutes flocked to Deadwood, the camp -
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The Gilded Age
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Knights of Labor
Secret society of garnet workers from Philadelphia, but emerged as a national movement. They believed that fraternity was harnessed to labor reform, and intended to set up factories and shops that would lead to a cooperative commonwealth. -
Exodusters
Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery -
The Lightbulb
In 1879 Thomas Edison created the lightbulb. A year before the successful invention he started ongoing research into developing something that could provide light. Testing various materials and experimenting many times to find success through trial and error. In 1880 the discovery began commercial manufactured light bulbs and Thomas Edison company became the Edison Electric company and Began marketing the new product. -
Helen Hunt Jackson
Author of the book A Century of Dishonor. The book exposed the U.S. governments many broken promises to the Native Americans. For example the government wanted Native Americans to assimilate, i.e. give up their beliefs and ways of life, that way to become part of the white culture -
Garfield Assassination
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Chinese Exclusion Act
Outlawed Chinese immigration for 10 years and explicitly denied naturalization rights to Chinese in the U.S. Signed into law by Chester B. Arthur. -
Cocaine Toothache Drops
Cocaine in the 1800's was considered a cure for many things and it also served as anesthesia to help cure pain during dental procedures. these procedures allowed for teeth and nerves to be removed with little to no pain. -
Coca-Cola
In 1886 Coca Cola was invented by the pharmacist John Pemberton. He had failed as a pharmacist, despite inventing many drugs that still did not make profit. Soda became popular at parties and socials, and he used this trend as a better way to start a business by advertising a new fountain drink. this is when he invented coca cola. -
HayMarket Riot
A protest took place near Chicago's Haymarket Square that soon turned into a riot when someone threw a bomb at a police officer. Eight people died the same day because of the major violence. Eight radical labor activists were convicted of the bombing. The riot was viewed as a major setback for the organized labor movement in America. the protest was for an eight-hour workday along with other fair job necessities. -
Buffalo Bill's "Wild West"
May 19,1883, opening night for William F. Cody’s “buffalo bill” became the epitome of western romanticism. The romanticism was based on the idea of the “wild west” that was pictured in Cody’s “buffalo bill”. Many ideas in which pictured native Americans wearing radical cultural dress codes and cowboys. All in which were staged in a circus like arena. -
Camera Efficiency
George Eastman was the inventor of the Kodak Camera. Prior to planning a trip, Eastman became frustrated by the excessive materials needed to operate a camera. He began doing some research and developed a new more efficient camera that would make photography less of a hassle to deal with while traveling. -
Sherman Anti Trust Act
The first law to limit monopolies in the United States. This wanted to create a fairer competition in the workforce and to limit any take-over's of departments of merchandise -
Ida B. Wells
African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores -
Ghost dances
The Ghost Danced first started when the Natives Americans were against the U.S government. The ghost dances were made to represent their traditional culture and they believed this was their way to stand up for themselves and to protect themselves from any white people trying to take any of their belongings. -
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Imperial America
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Wounded Knee
On December 20th of 1890, The U.S Army surrounded a band of ghost dances near the Wounded Knee Creek and they demanded the Ghost Dancers to surrender their weapons. the violent demand broke out a fight between the two groups. The event concluded with 150 Indians killed and the army only lost 25 men. The wounded knee is now seen as a massacre rather than a battle to get back at natives for the defeat in little big horn. -
American Railroad Union
In June of 1893 a secretory-treasurer had joined other members and former the American Railway Union to unite railway workers saying "into one, compact working force for legislative as well as industrial action". This would form the railroad union and make the railroad service force better to become more successful and efficient. -
City Beautiful Movement
Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world -
Panic of 1893
Worst economic downturn in 19th century, hit Wall street and urban areas. Part of massive worldwide economic crisis. 1/4 of nation's railroads went bankrupt. unemployment in some cities at 20-25% -
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The Progressive Era
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Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy v. Ferguson was a supreme court case that focused on Jim Crow railroad cars in Louisiana. The Court had decided by 7 to 1 that legislation could not overcome racial attitudes because of how people had been used to racism during the decade and it became constitutional to have "separate but equal" schools, hospitals, and facilities for black and whites. Scotus thought having separate but equal resources would help, But instead divided whites from colored people even more. -
Treaty Of Paris 1898
The treaty of Paris brought the end to the long going Spanish-American war. The newly signed Treaty confirmed the terms that the armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico and Guam. This confirmed that commissioners from the U.S were sent to Paris on October 1st 1898 to produce and sign the treaty because they desperately wanted to end the war after six long months of hostility. They had paid 20 million dollars. -
Yellow Journalism
Yellow Journalism was started to exaggerate news and scandal to create controversy and to attract readers into buying the magazine. Yellow journalism became popular in the nineteenth century because Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst. This form of journalism became common in the newspaper during the time of the Spanish American War. -
USS Maine
USS Maine had an accident and exploded and sank in the Havana Harbor. There were many theories about what caused the incident, and many were leading to the start of the war with Spain. The sinking of the U.S.S Maine provided an excuse for people who were eager for war with Spain. The "remember the Maine!" was a famous war cry for them. -
Philippine-American War
years 1899-1902 The United States and the Filipino revolutionaries had a war. The war had lasted three years and resulted in the death of 200,000 Filipino civilians. Not only did they die from violence, but they died from famine, and disease. This outbreak was caused when the treaty of Paris was signed and this made American forces to lash out. -
Election of 1900
The United States 1900 presidential election was the 29th presidential election. Both parties from 1896 decided to race each other again. The republican president William McKinley won against his democratic opponent William Jennings Bryan. McKinley won the election. Later in his presidency, McKinley was assassinated in 1901 and replaced by Theodore Roosevelt. -
Open Door Policy
The open-door policy was a set of principles enforced by the United States. To protect equal privileges for all countries trading with China support of the Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. There were issues from the U.S. secretary of State John Hay to Great Britain, Italy, Germany, Japan, France and Russia. This policy was to be taken as a universal plan but had to be approved in the Unites States. The goal was for everyone to have fair trade with china -
Henry Ford
Henry ford mass produced 1900's iconic “Model T” car. The model T was sold at an affordable price and helped shape America in various ways. The model T helped people transport easier and it enhanced the use of assembly line. Assembly line work helped increase work wages, work hours and began the idea of regular work hours and benefits. -
Social Darwinism
The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. Now largely discredited, social Darwinism was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform -
Growing Cities
Immigration helped make the population grow because there was now more people working in the city. Another example is rural families that came to the city because as farm equipment replaced workers, the majority of workers came to the city to find work -
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz include treatments of the modern fairy tale written by L. Frank Baum as an allegory or metaphor for the political, economic, and social events of America -
Big stick policy
Theodore Roosevelt's big stick policy was his resurrection of the Monroe doctrine in which he wouldn't let Europe interfere with the Americas. In this case, they wouldn't be allowed to interfere with Latin America, Roosevelt implemented this by carrying his big stick, which was a metaphor for his impeccable navy -
Russo Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was fought between Russia and Japan. The war began with both countries fighting over Korea, Manchuria. The war began in 1904 but neither side could gain a clear advantage so both sent representatives to Portsmouth, NH. There Teddy Roosevelt settled the Treaty Of New Hampshire in 1905. This was a conflict that grew out of rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian. -
Meat Inspection Act
In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act was passed in reaction to Upton Sinclair's “The Jungle” strict standards of cleanliness in meatpacking industry were a result of the literature. The act made it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food and to ensure consumers, the meat was inspected and processed the correct way and they aren’t in danger of becoming sick. -
The Jungle
"The Jungle" published in 1906 by Uptown Sinclair was written to react to the meat industry for notorious complaints filed on various companies for finding fingers in their food or even reports of food making consumers sick. -
Model T
The Model T car was invented by Henry Ford, he mass produced 15 million Model T cars after the car gained its popularity. The Model T was one of the longest production run of any automobile in history. The Model T was a Luxury car that was very expensive at first and was built for ordinary people but then kept prices low. -
Square Deal
Embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources. -
Bull-Moose Party
The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States formed in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to his former protégé, incumbent President William Howard Taft -
Election Of 1912
The United States presidential election of 1812 took place in the shadow of the War of 1812. It featured an intriguing competition between incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison and a dissident Democratic-Republican, DeWitt Clinton, nephew of Madison's late Vice President -
17th Amendment
Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures -
Woodrow Wilson
8th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage, Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize -
Panama Canal
A ship canal 50 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States used as a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean -
The Great Migration
African americans looked to the north for Jobs they did this with hope of finding the freedom and economic opportunities unavailable to them in the South -
Zimmerman Telegram
A message calling on Mexico to join in a coming war against the US and promising to help it recover territory lost in the Mexican War of 1846-1848 -
Child Labor Act 1917
Federal ban on the interstate shipment of goods manufactured by children under the age of 14. The culmination of Progressive efforts since 1904 and of state laws, this was designed to reduce the use of young children in factories for long hours and low pay -
Spanish Flu
Global outbreak of a deadly type of flu. The movement of soldiers during WWI helped to spread the virus. 20-40% of people in the world are estimated to have become ill with the virus that attacked the young and healthy as well the weak. People sometimes felt fine in the morning and were dead by night. An estimated 675,000 people died in the U.S. and 50 million worldwide -
14 points
Woodrow Wilson's peace plan to end WWI. It calls for free trade; an end to secret pacts between nations; freedom of the seas; arms reduction; and the creation of a world organization called the League of Nations -
Sedition act
Makes it illegal for anyone to make false statements that interfered with the prosecution of the war, insulting or abusing the US government, flag constitution or military; agitating against the production of necessary war materials; or advacating, teaching or defending any of these acts -
Volstead act
The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors -
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened -
KKK
Major rebirth of the KKK in 1920s, mainly because they were unhappy with the changing of American culture.
The "new" klan was anti-.. foreign, catholic, black, jewish, pacifist, cotlegger, gambling, communist, adultry, birth control, internationalist, and evolutionist -
19th Amendment
-Gave women the right to vote
-Ratified in 1920
-Tennessee was the last State to approve the amendment in 1919 -
Booker T. Washington.
A former slave. Encouraged blacks to keep to themselves and focus on the daily tasks of survival, rather than leading a grand uprising. Believed that building a strong economic base was more critical at that time than planning an uprising or fighting for equal rights -
Immigration act
Legislation that blocked Japanese immigration and set quotas for other nations based on the 1890 census; favored immigrants from northern and western Europe -
American Indian Act
Gave citizenship to all native Americans who had not already achieved it. The is gave native Americans recognition in the law and in theory the right to vote. -
Harlem Renaissance
Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes -
St. Valentines day Massacre
The murder of seven mob associates. This was between the south side italians of Al Capone vs. the north side irish of Bugs moran -
The Great Depression
The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the u.s. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s -
Mexican Repatriation
Special law authorized by President Hoover to send Mexican-American immigrants back to Mexico. More than half a million Mexican-Americans were forcibly sent back to Mexico during the Great Depression, many of whom were lawful American citizens, separated from their families -
The Dust Bowl
The geographic area, including the Texas Panhandle, hardest hit by the drought during the 1930's where the soil was so dry it blew away in great clouds of dust -
Emergency Relief Act
Gave the president the power to regulate banking transactions and foreign exchange and to reopen solvent banks in order to inflate the economy -
Adolf Hitler
This dictator was the leader of the Nazi Party. He believed that strong leadership was required to save Germanic society, which was at risk due to Jewish, socialist, democratic, and liberal forces. Leader of the third reich -
20th Amendment
Sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end. In also defines who succeeds the president if the president dies -
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Reelected by comfortable margins in 1936, 1940 and 1944, FDR led the United States from isolationism to victory over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. He spearheaded the successful wartime alliance between Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States and helped lay the groundwork for the post-war peace organization that would become the United Nations. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945. -
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Provided money to states to create jobs; it was struck down by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional on the ground that it gave legislative powers to the executive branch and that the enforcement of industry codes within states went beyond the federal government's constitutional powers to regulate interstate commerce -
Axis Powers
A group of countries led by Nazi Germany that opposed the Allied powers in World War II, including Germany, Italy, and Japan as well as Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia -
The Holocaust
The mass murder of Jews under the German Nazi regime. More than 6 million European Jews, as well as members of other persecuted groups, such as gypsies and homosexuals, were murdered at concentration camps such as Auschwitz -
Tuskegee Airmen
The Tuskegee Airmen were the first black military aviators in the U.S. Army Air Corps (AAC), a precursor of the U.S. Air Force. Trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama, they flew more than 15,000 individual sorties in Europe and North Africa during World War II. Their impressive performance earned them more than 150 Distinguished Flying Crosses, and helped encourage the eventual integration of the U.S. armed forces. -
Pearl Harbor
A major United States naval base in Hawaii that was attacked without warning by the Japanese air force, with great loss of American lives and ships -
The American Homefront
The efforts by many that were home in the U.S. to support the war effort. The home-front was called to support the war effort by supporting rationing, buying war bonds, and planting Victory gardens -
U.S. Office of War Information (OWI)
Promote patriotism, warn about foreign spies, propoganda abroad, established by the government to promote patriotism and help keep Americans united behind the war effort -
Executive Order 9066
An executive order issued by FDR in 1942 allowing internment camps to be set up to exclude current residents believed to be a threat to security -
Zoot Suit Riots
The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots in 1943 during World War II that broke out in Los Angeles, California, between Anglo American sailors and Marines stationed in the city, and Latino youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored. Mexican Americans and white military personnel were the main parties in the riots, and some African American and Filipino/Filipino American youths were involved as well -
Tehran Conference
A war time conference held at Tehran, Iran that was attended by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin. It was the first meeting of the "Big Three" and it agreed on an opening of a second front (Overlord), and that the Soviet Union should enter the war against Japan after the end of the war in Europe -
D-Day
Allies crossed the English Channel and landed in Normandy, France. The largest land-sea-air operation in history launched to liberate Europe -
Battle of Berlin
The Soviet army overwhelmed the German defences with sheer manpower and armour. Around 200 000 people died on both sides and the war in Europe was over. -
Atomic Bombs (Hiroshima and Nagasaki
The U.S decided to drop the two bombs on Japan because Japan refused to surrender, causing the Pacific War to drag on. The U.S offered a unconditional surrender known as the 'Potsdam Declaration' and said if they didn't agree to it, they would face the Alternative of "Prompt and utter destruction" and Japan ignored it -
Fire Bomb Raids
used to reduce Japanese cities to ashes and also to destroy their factories of war. The firebombing of Tokyo destroyed 250,000 buildings, killed 83,000 people and destroyed over a quarter of the city -
Battle of Atlantic
Conflict between British and American ships and German U-Boats. Germany suffered heavy losses, due to the innovations of radar and codebreaking within Allied ranks -
United Nations
They are composed of the Assembly, Secretariat, and the Council and their main purpose and goal is to keep world peace and prevent and solve international conflict
