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industrialization
it's the process by which an economy is transformed from agricultural to one based off of the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines. -
political machines
people in a political group (boss or small group) order the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, who then receive rewards for their efforts. -
tenement
it's a run-down and overcrowded apartment house in the poor section of a big city. they were first built as houses for immigrants that arrived in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s, and they represented the primary form of urban working-class housing until the New Deal. A typical tenement building was from five to six stories high, with four apartments on each floor. -
Nativism
it was a policy of preferring native inhabitants than immigrants. -
bessemer steel production
first inexpensive industrial process for the production of steel from molten pig iron before the hearth furnace was developed. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. -
the gilded age
it was an era of quick economic growth, especially in the North and West. wages were much higher than Europe's, especially for skilled workers, so lots of Europeans immigrated. -
Andrew Carnegie
He immigrated to the United States with his parents in 1848 and started work as a telegrapher, and then in the 1860s he had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks. He led the expansion of the American steel industry in 19th century. he gave away about $350 million to charities, foundations, and universities bc his 1889 article "The Gospel of Wealth" talked about how the rich must use their wealth to improve society. -
alexander graham bell
he was a Scottish-born American inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose greatest accomplishment was the invention of the telephone and the refinement of the phonograph. he began researching methods to transmit telegraph messages by a single wire.because of this, it led to him to the invention of the telephone. then as time went on, more people added more inventions to his. -
Susan B. Anthony
She was arrested for illegally voting in the 1872 presidential election then promoted for a woman's right to vote, support of women's labor organizations and for a woman's right to own property. The National Women's Suffrage Association in 1869 was founded by her. She also drafted the first version of the 19th Amendment in 1878.
Women in the United States were granted the right to vote when the 19th Amendment was ratified in 1920, 14 years after she died. -
populism and progressivism
populism is belief in the power of regular people. This means that they have the right to have control over their government than a small group of political people. On the other hand, progressivism is a term to describe different responses to economic and social problems. first it was a social movement then became a political movement. -
labor strikes
a term used to explain how work stopped because of the amount of people who said they didn't want to work. because they didn't want to work, it was considered a strike. -
Eugene V. Debs
At a young age, he entered politics as a Democratic City Clerk in 1879, and was elected to the Indiana State Assembly in 1885.
Then, he was reelected in 1881. he resisted the industrial organization implicit in the efforts of the Knights of Labor and ordered his members to report to work during the Knights’ 1885 strike against the southwestern railroads. he restricted to working people’s efforts to secure fair wages and working conditions. -
labor unions
it was an group of workers made to promote collective bargaining with employers over hours, wages, fringe benefits, job security, and working conditions. -
samuel gompers
He co founded the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Union and was the leader and a key figure in American labor history. When it became the American Federation of Labor, he was its first president, serving, until his death. -
haymarket riot
it was a labor protest rally near Chicago's Haymarket Square that turned into a riot after someone threw a bomb at the police. 8 people died. even though there wasn't much evidence, 8 people were arrested. people saw this as a setback for the organized labor movement in America; fighting for rights like working 8 hrs a day. -
Clarence Darrow
He was a lawyer who in 1894 defended Eugene V. Debs, who was arrested on a federal charge arising from the Pullman Strike. He also secured the acquittal of labor leader William D. Haywood for assassination charges, saved Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold from the death penalty, and defended John T. Scopes. -
interstate commerce act 1887
A federal law that was made to control the railroad industry's monopolistic practices. it said that railroad rates must be reasonable but did not allow the government to fix specific rates. Basically it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. -
Jane Addams
she was born on September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois. co-founded one the Hull House in Chicago in 1889, and was named a co-winner of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize. she was the first female president of the National Conference of Social Work, established the National Federation of Settlements and served as president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. because of her work, women had the right to vote. -
Ida B. Wells
after being removed from a train seat fora white person, she became an African-American journalist who led an anti-lynching movement in the 1890s. She went on to found and become integral in groups striving for African-American justice. she was also an abolitionist and a feminist. -
William Jennings Bryan
was a Nebraska congressman in 1890. He was in the 1896 Democratic convention with a Cross of Gold speech. However he lost to be a U.S. president by a guy named William McKinley. Then he was Wilson’s secretary of state until 1914. later on, he campaigned for peace, prohibition and suffrage, and increasingly criticized the teaching of evolution. -
Settlement house
a social and cultural institution that were made by reformers in slum areas in American cities. The famous settlement house was founded by Jane Addams in Chicago. -
jacob riis
he was an American newspaper reporter, social reformer, and photographer. because of his most famous work for example How the Other Half Lives (1890), exposed the conditions in the slum of New York City. -
Robber barons
term used for some powerful businessmen who were viewed as having used questionable practices to gather their wealth. included J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew W. Mellon, Henry Ford, and John D. Rockefeller -
sherman antitrust act
this act was the first Federal act that banned monopolistic business practices. some states also passed similar laws, but they were less strict. A trust was an arrangement when stockholders in companies transferred their shares to a single set of trustees. Then the stockholders received a certificate entitling them to a specified share of the consolidated earnings of the jointly managed companies. this destroyed company competitions. -
social gospel
it was a religious movement that rose in the US to make the Christian churches more responsive to social problems, like poverty and prostitution. It was led by a group of liberal Protestant progressives in response to the social problems raised by the rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing immigration of the Gilded Age. Many Americans were very poor the social gospel was made to improve the economic, moral and social conditions of the urban working class. -
klondike gold rush
Skookum Jim Mason, Dawson Charlie and George Washington Carmack found gold in the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory. that set off biggest gold rush. in the beginning of 1897, an army (unaware that most of the good Klondike claims were already staked), boarded ships in Seattle and other Pacific port cities and headed north toward the vision of riches to be had for the taking. -
initiative, referendum, recall
they're all 3 powers made to enable the voters, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office. basically, a process that enables citizens to remove their state legislature by placing proposed statutes. -
theodore roosevelt
he was an American statesman and writer. he was also the 26th President from 1901-1909. His face is also on Mount Rushmore, with George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. promised citizens fairness, breaking of trusts, regulation of railroads, and pure food and drugs. he began construction of the Panama Canal, expanded the Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States' naval power around the globe. He lost the republican nomination -
upton sinclair
Was an American novelist and political writer. His novel The Jungle helped improve working conditions in the meat-packing industry. In 1904, the editor of Appeal to Reason told him to write a novel about the immigrants who worked in the meat packing industry. "The Jungle" talked about how unsanitary and miserable working conditions of those who labored in the meat packing industry, was serialized in 1905 where it began to create a commotion. -
Muckraker
a term used to describe reform-minded American journalists who attacked institutions and leaders and described them as corrupt. -
pure food and drug act
an act preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous or foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein. -
dollar diplomacy
it was a form of an American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through its economic power by making sure the loans made it to foreign countries. -
17th amendment
an amendment that stated that the senate of the US must be two people elected by the people for 6 years. -
16th amendments
an amendment that states that the Congress has power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. -
federal reserve act
it's an act of Congress that made the Federal Reserve System, and the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes as legal tender. it is the central bank of the United States. It was made by the Congress to provide the people with a safer and more stable monetary and financial system -
18th amendment
amendment that banned alcohol whether it was selling or buying. -
19th amendment
an amendment that stated that citizens of the US have the right to vote and can't be denied by any State on account of sex. -
tea pot dome scandal
it was also called Oil Reserves Scandal or Elk Hills Scandal, which was a scandal in the 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall. it involved the administration of United States President Warren G.
