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This act split Native American land into individual plots and allowed surplus land to be sold to settlers.
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NAACP fought for the legal rights of african americans and to bring an end to racial violence,
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He had a plan for the economy based of the theory of Supply-side economics, which involved tax cuts and business incentives to stimulate investment.
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Treaty of Versailles was signed.
The Treaty of Versailles- A treaty ending World War I that required Germany to pay large war reparations and established the League of Nations. It angered many Italians because they were not rewarded for thier war efforts. -
This amendment extended suffrage to women and guaranteed then equality with men in other areas.
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Hitler became leader of Nazi party.
Nazi Party- Munich-based National Socialist German Workers Party that highlighted extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, anti-Capitalism and anti-Bolshevism.
Hitler- Tolitarian dictator of Germany whose aggressive actions lead to World War II. -
Mussolini estbalished the Nationalist Facist Party.
Facism- a syestem of government that stressed the glory of the state.
Mussolini- Italian facist leader that ruled as Italy's dictator for more than 20 years. -
Mussolini became leader of the Italian government and established a dictatorship.
Dictatorship- government by a leader or group that holds unchallenged power and authority. -
Military leaders order army to invade Manchuria without consent of the government.
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Hitler is named chancellor of Germany, a top position in the government.
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Concentration camps were labor camps meant to hold what Hitler called enemies of the state, focused mainly on the Jews.
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This set up Tribal Business Councils and stopped the sale of tribal lands.
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American congress passed the Neutrality Act which was a law to prevent the nation from beinf drawn into war.
Isolationism- a policy in which a nation avoids entanglement in foreign wars. -
Mussolini used a dispute about the border between Ethiopia and an Italian colony as an excuse to invade, truely wanting to rebuild the Italian empire.
Italy conquered the country. -
Rhineland- area in the Rhine River Valley along the French border.
By militarizing this, Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles. -
Bloody war that started due to Spain's political conflicts. Communists and "Republicans" vs. Facists and Nationalists. It brought many other countries into the conflict; Facist Italy and Nazi Germany for Nationalists and Soviet Union and United States for "Republicans".
In the end Spain came under the control of a Facist dictator. -
At first Hitler tried to force the Austrian government to agree to Anschluss- union with Germany. When they refused, he sent troops into Austria.
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Sudetenland- the German-speaking portion of Czechoslovakia.
British prime minister and French premier Edouard met with Hitler in hopes of ending the crisis and agreed to allow him to annex Sudentenland. -
Anit Jewish riots broke out across Germany. These attacks became known as Kristallnacht, "the night of broken glass".
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Marshall served in the senate and helped chip away the ruling of court case Plessy v. Fergison. In Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, Registrar of the University of Missouri, he successfully helped argue against Missouri's refusal to offer law school to African Americans.
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First Hitler proposed genocide of the jews, the killing of an entire people. This was at first carried out through mobile killing units. But then Hitler's regime established the Final Solution, to murder the Jewish population of Europe and the Soviet Union. This involved the establishment of six death camps where some 3 million jews were killed. This became known as the Holocaust.
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Hitler sent his troops into what remained of Czechoslovakia and captured it without a fight.
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The Manhattan Project began to take form. This was a top-secret American program devoted to the creation of the Atomic Bomb which was a powerful weapon that used energy released by the splitting of atoms.
J. Robert Oppenheimer led the American scientists in this project. -
Hitler had a German criminal dressed in a Polish military uniform and had him shot at the border. He used this lie as an excuse to launch an invasion of Poland, claiming Germany had been attacked. Using a blitzkrieg, Germany was able to take control of Poland.
Blitzkrieg- "lightning warfare" featuringt an overwhelming combination of air attacks and fast-moving armored strikes to drive deep into enemy territory. -
Great Britain and France declare war on Germany and becomes know as the Allies.
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The government began enforcing rationing (limiting the amount of a certain product each individual can get) on the homefront in order to conserve supplies for the troops.
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Germany invaded Belgium and the Netherlands and conquered them within 5 days.
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Germany took France by surprise and easily overwhelmed French forces.
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After Germany broke through the Netherlands and Belgium, they were able to overwhelm French forces. France surrendered and Germany now occupied much of France.
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Truman created this act to show his commitment to fight Communism in the U.S. The goverment convicted several leaders of the Communist Party under this act.
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Winston Chruchill led Britain during this time.
Germany tried to destroy the British Royal Air Force and failed.
Leftwaffe,German Airforce, began bombing London.
October 31,1940 the Battle of Britain ended and Hitler called off the invasion. -
Japan, Germany, and Italy made an alliance and became known as the Axis Powers.
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America had control over this area and the Japanese moved in for attack. General Douglas MacArthur led the defense of this island chain. No match for the Japanese forces, the Americans surrendered.
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Congress passed this act to allow the nation to send weapons to Great Britain regardless of its ability to pay.
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The Bismarck was a giant german ship, the pride of the German fleet.
Britain managed to sink it on May 27, 1941 and this begun the German use of U-boats. -
US President Roosevelt and British leader Winston Churchill made this agreement which proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain in opposing Hitler and his allies.
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Pearl Harbor, located in Hawaii was an American Naval base home to the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet. The Japanese surprise attack resulted in hundreds of damaged American fighter planes and eight warships, along with 2,400 American deaths.
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The United States declares war on Japan after being attacked at Pearl Harbor.
3 days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States -
Japanese forces were able to capture the British stronghold on Hong Kong.
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Japanese forces easily took control of this area.
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Japan takes control of Burma and demonstrates the true strength of their military.
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Rosie the Riveter was a symbolic figure used to represent the working women of the war.
Women took over industrial jobs and contributed to the war effort in America. -
Japanese are able to capture Singapore fortress in just two weeks.
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Roosevelt issued this order to give the armed forces power to establish military zones which they could force people to leave.
This lead to the American internment, or forced relocation and confinement to camps, of Japanese citizens. -
After American surrender in the Philippines, the Japanese forced troops on a terrible journey to prison camps.
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Japanese attack American-held Midway island. American forces were prepared for the attack due to a broken Japanese code. American bombs damaged four Japanese aircraft carriers. It was a tremendous American victory.
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Stalingrad was a major Soviet industrial center.
When the Germans attacked it wasd some of the bloodiest fighting in the history of warfare. It ended in German surrender with losses of some 2 million Germans soldiers and 12 million Soviet soldiers. Along with millions of civilian deaths. -
The hydrogen bomb got it's power from fusing together hydrogen atoms. This bomb put the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in weapons technology. The Arms Race had already begun.
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Eisenhower ran against Adlai Stevenson. Americans trusted and admired Eisenhower so he was elected for president.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower, a U.S. lieutenant general was the commander of this plan. The plan called for American forces to invade the countires of Morocco and Algeria. After recieving little resistance and aid from France, the Allies turned East.
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This belief was seen during the Cold War. John Foster Dulles expressed this policy which was the diplomatic art of going to the brink of war without actually getting into war. It was related tp the concept of massive retaliation, that the U.S. should use overwhelming force against the Soviet Union which included nuclear weapons.
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German forces rushed to stop the allied invasion of Italy.
The first segregated unit of African Americans to recieve training as pilots in the U.S. military, Tuskegee Airmen, took part in this fighting. -
D-Day was the first day of the Allied invasion of Normandy in World War 2.
The plan for this day was called Operation Overlord. It's goal was to end the war as quickly as possible through a large invasion of mainland Europe. -
President Truman signed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, or the GI Bill. This act aimed at helping veterans make a smooth entry into civilian life after WWII.
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The agreement of it's creation was made at a conference of the world powers in Brentton Woods, New Hampshire. The World Bank helped poor countries build their economies by providing grants and loans.
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At the Battle of the Bulge, Germany launched a surprise attack. American forces were surrounded by the Germans, but on December 26 General Patton lead troops in to help. The allies were able to push back the German offensive.
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A key goal of this conference between the Allies was to determine what to do with the soon-to-be-conquered Germany. Winston Churchill, Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin agreed to split divide the country into four sectors.
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American forces wanted to capture this island in order to provide a better base to launch raids. It resulted in American victory and all but a thousand Japanese soldiers fought to the death.
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This battle was the bloodiest task American forces faced in the Pacific. Over 12,000 American soldiers died and the Japanese lost 110,000 troops. America was able to gain control of the Island in June.
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On May 7 Germany surrendered after Hitler's death. It took effect on May 8, which was Proclaimed V-E day or Victory in Europe Day.
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Representatives from 50 countries met in San Fransisco to establish this organization meant to encourage cooperation.
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When allied nations met to continue the work started at the Yalta Conference. President Truman hoped that Stalin would live up to his promises from Yalta, which was not a success.
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The U.S. drops the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later drops a second one on the city of Nagasaki.
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When Hirohito, the emperpr of Japan announced the end of the war and their surrender to the Allies.
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The world powers agreed to this organization at a conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. It was designed to encourage economic policies that promoted international trade.
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The baby boom was a dramatic eise in the birthrate after WWII.
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President Truman supported the French is this war because he wanted to stop communist expansion.
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Senator Joesph McCarthy used this tactic of spreaking fear and making baseless charges to promote action against Communism. Americans trusted him until he became increasingly wild and they began to view his tactics as unfair.
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President Truman argued to congress that providing aid to the Greek and Turkish would help them resist Soviet Expansion. This address reflected his belief in containment, or the policy to stop the spread of communism.
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The Cold War was the era of high tension and bitter rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.
It started roughly in 1947, after World War 2 came to a close.
Stalin, the Soviet leader, wanted to spread Communism and this made the U.S. nervous. Winston Churchill reflected his belief of the sharp division in Europe Communism had created through the term, "Iron Curtain". -
This agency was formed to collect information about, and to spy on, foriegn governments.
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The Soviets launched the first-ever artifical satelite, Sputnik.
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This occured during the Second Red Scare. The HUAC (house un-american activities committe) investigated communism and congress found ten hollywood writers and directors guilty and sentenced them to a year in jail.
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This was an international organization created to promote economic cooperation.
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Truman signed George C. Marshall's plan which was for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.
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The crisis began when Soviet's were not pleased with the Western style government in the middle of their zone of occupation. So they cut off supplies to West Berlin with a blockade. To counter this British and American aircrafts began making deliveries to the people in what is called, the Berlin Airlift.
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British and American reaction to the Berlin Crisis. Airplanes began making deliveries of supplies to West Berlin
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Soviets block any road, rail, or river traffic into West Berlin because the didn't approve of the British and Americans setting up democratic governments in their zones of occupation after World War II.
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The Second Red Scare happened during the Cold War and was fueled off the fear of spreading Communism.
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The Commision on Human rights was established in April of 1946. In 1948 they presented to the UN General Assembly the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was a document that stated all human beings are created free and equal, and tried to set standards for human rights. The UN General Assembly adopted the declaration.
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This plan was purposed by President Truman. It included a number of programs in the tradition of the New Deal, such as a federal health insurance program and new founding for education.
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The United States and six other nations joined Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom to create a military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO. This was formed in response to the Berlin Crisis and to counter Soviet agression.
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The Korean War started due to it's division after World War II in which the North was under temporary Soviet Control and Communism, while the South was under U.S. control and a democratic system. North Korea wanted to unite the two sides under Communism so they invaded the South.
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The McCarran International Security Act was further action to help fight communism. It required Communist organizations to register with the government and established a special board to investigate Communist involvement.
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The arguments regarding segregation in the school system made in this case were heard by the surpreme court over a two-year period. In the end all nine justices agreed that separate schools for African Americans violated the consitution.
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Malcom X was a fiery minister who offered a message of hope in black pride. He was critical of nonviolence and many civil rights leaders viewed him as an extremist.
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After the French surrendered in the first Indochina war this conference was created to work out a peace aggreement.
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President Eisenhower decided to supply South Vietnam with money and weapons to prevent the unification of Vietnam under communism.
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The Soviets established this as a military alliance with the Soviet-dominated countries of Eastern Europe.
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Communist leaders in Noth Vietnam, like Ho Chi Minh, wanted to reunify Vietnam under communism. North vietnamese Army forces began to move into South Vietnam to fight along side with the Vietcong.
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90% of African Americans stopped taking the bus in Montgomery and the boycott expanded and lasted for almost a year, led by Martin Luther King Jr. It helped convince the court to end segregation on buses.
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Rosa Parks, a NAACP member, is riding a Montgomery bus and when the white section becomes filled she refuses to give up her seat to white riders and is arrested.
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This association helped continue the Montgomery bus boycott. Martin Luther King Jr was selected as it's leader.
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A group that would organize racial protest activities across the region. Martin Luther King Jr. became leader of this group. This group was open to people of all religions and races.
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A crowd of angry whites harass the Little Rock Nine, a group of African American students as they arrive for their first day of school at Little Rock's Central High School. The guard prevents them from entering and they don't until nearly 3 weeks later when President Eisenhower sent troops to protect them.
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Intercontinental ballistic missiles that could travel thousands of miles and strike close to their intended targets were developed by the U.S.
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The sit-in movement was a nonviolent form of preotest against racism. This started when four college students in Greensboro, North Carolina ordered coffee and were denied service so they remained seated until the store was closed.
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Arab nations in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries decided to impose an oil embargo on the United States in response to American support for Israel.
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Nixon and Kennedy debate on air. This event increased the average American's interest in politics and set a standard for modern election campaigns.
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The planned invasion of Cuba that lasted until April 19, 1961 and ended in failure for the U.S.
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Thirteen African American volunteers would go on a bus trip through the South and try to use the whites-only facilities. They were harassed violently.
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Kennedy wanted to catch up to the Soviet Union in space exploration so he asked congress to fund the unmanned exploration of space, they approved.
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President Kennedy and Khrushchev met in Vienna, Austria during the time of the Berlin Crisis. Khrushchev demanded that the U.S. recognize Communist East Germany as an independent nation and demanded that the U.S. withdraw from West Berlin.
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Communist forces blocked the crossing points between East and West Berlin with a high concrete wall to prevent people escaping.
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A campaign in which local civil rights leaders brought national attention to the problem of protestors being jailed by inviting Martin Luther King Jr. to lead more deomstrations.
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They fought for social justice for farm workers and were led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta.
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The most dangerous crisis in the cold war, when the U.S, and Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war. It began because a U.S. spy plane detected SAMS and evidence found later proved that the Soviet Union was placing offensive missiles in Cuba.
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Martin Luther King Jr. raised several hundred thousand dollars to fund this campaign. This campaign begun with sit-ins and marches. April 12, King and hundreds of others were arrested. Next demonstrators ages six to sixteen marched and more than 900 were arrested. More marches came and the government used more violent force to stop them.
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The largest civil rights demonstration ever that involved more than 200,000 people of all races. Martin Luther King Jr. delievered his "I Have a Dream" at this rally.
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Martin Luther King Jr. gave this speech to address racism and his dream to end it.
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President Kennedy was riding in an open car through Dallas, Texas and was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald.
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This amendment banned states from taxing citizens to vote.
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Another part to the war on pverty, Johnson pushed this act to cut taxes. This was part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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At the University of Michigan Johnson desribes his plans for the nation.
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The Court ruled that legislative districts must have equal populations to ensure that each citizens vote had equal weight. This reform was made after the court cases Baker v. Carr (1962), Westberry v. Sanders (1964), Reynolds v. Sims (1964).
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This Act banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations.
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This created special protections for women workers and outlawed discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, and national origin.
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This expanded U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
U.S. became involved because of the Domino theory, the belief that communism would spread to neighboring countries. -
Johnson asked congress to pass this act to launch the war on poverty. It funded several antipoverty programs such as the Job Corps (offered work-training programs for the unemployed youth) and VISTA (provided help in poor communities in U.S.). Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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This act protected 9.1 million acres of national forest. Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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After events at Berkeley, this movement swept across the nation with a goal of freedom of speech.
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CORE was a civil rights group. Police tried to arrest him, but students wouldn't allow it. This started other protests during the counterculture movement.
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This was a bombing campaign over Noth Vietnam by the U.S. military in the Vietnam War.
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This act gave aid to public schools and was a part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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200,000 people gather at the Washington monument to protest the Vietnam War.
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This was Johnson's guideline for intervention in the Dominican Republic to stop the spread of Communism.
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This act provided housing for low-income americans. Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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OEO launches the Head Start Program which was an education program for preschool children of low-income parents. Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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Congress passed Medicaid, a program that provided health care to the poor and Medicare, a program that provides heath care for people over 65 years old. This was part of Johnsons "Great Society".
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This ended the requirement that voters pass literacy tests. Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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One of the most important civil rights legisltion ever passed. This act gave the federal government powerful tools to break down the barriers to African American voting rights.
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Migrant agricultural workers fought for social justice and against their low wages. This strike started in Delano, California and lasted more than 5 years.
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Gave scholarships and low-interest loans to college students. Part of Johnson's "Great Society".
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Stokley Carmichael addressed a rally and would yell, "What do you want?" and the crowd would cheer "Black Power!". Black Power was African Americans dependence on themselves to solve problems.
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This was a group of feminists that fought gender discrimination in the workplace, schools, and the justice system.
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Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded this group. They rejected nonviolence and called for violent revolution against racism.
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The height of the hippie movement based on peace, love, and harmony.
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This was one of the most militant organizations in the Chicano movement.
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These were a series of massive attacks throughout South Vietnam by communist forces. This ended in failure for the U.S. and South Vietnam and swayed American public opinion.
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James Earl Ray, a white sniper shot and killed King while he was standing on the balcony of his motel.
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Also called the Fair Housing Act, it banned discrimination in the sale or renting of housing.
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This movement pushed for Native American rights and a renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and a better education for Indian children.
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Apollo 11 was launched holding Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins from Kennedy Space Center. On July 20th, they landed on the moon.
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President Nixon and Brezhnez of the Soviet Union agreed to a five-year slowdown in building offensive weapons in these talks.
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Protestors set fire to the campus Reserve Officers' training Corps building.
May 4, students gathered for a rally and through rocks at the troops on campus. The troops fired into the crowd and killed four students. -
The New York Times published a collection of secret government documents that traced the history of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam
war and revealed that government officials had been misleading the American people. -
This ammendment passed by McGovern lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 years old.
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This would promise equal treatment for men and women in all spheres, including employment. It was never ratified.
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Nixon had a team of burglars break into the offices of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate hotel-office complex to collect information about the Democratic strategy.
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This established culturally appropriate educational programs for Native American students.
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This was a supreme court case centered around the women's movement which campaigned for abortion rights. It was ruled that abortion laws violeted the constitution and they were abolished.
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The U.S. agreed to withdraw all troops from South Vietnam and to help rebuild Vietnam. Both sides released all prisoners of war.
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May 18- the Senate Watergate Committee began televised hearings into the scandal
October 20- Nixon fires special prosecutor
April 30- The white houss released edited transcripts of tapes
July 24- The supreme court ruled that the white house must turn over the tapes -
This law reaffirmed Congress's constitutional right to declare war.
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After the Watergate Scandal unfolded, Nixon announced his resignation.
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At this meeting President Carter guided Sadat and Begin to an agreement after the conflict between Israel and Egypt.
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Negotiators began a second round of discussions on arms limitation in the U.S. and Soviet Union
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A mob of Iranians attacked the U.S. embassy in Tehran and captured several dozen American employees.
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The Soviets invade Afghanistan with the goal of insuring communist rule.
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This was a concept which involved a shield in space to protect the United States from incoming Soviet missiles.
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The Soviet Empire was collapsing. Gorbachev had a plan to reform the failing Soviet system. He announced an new era of Glasnost which would lift media censorship and allow public criticism of the government. He also worked on the process of perestroika, which was the restructuring of the corrupt government bureaucracy.
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This new leader believed the only way to salvage the failing Soviet economy was to make a deal with America.
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This unfolded when members of thr National Security Council staff secretly diverted money from the illegal Iran arms sales to the Contras in Nicaragua.
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This treaty between the U.S. and Soviet Union ordered the destruction of a whole class of weapons. It was signed by President Reagan and the leader if the Soviet Union, Gorbachev.
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Chinese students called on their communist leaders for reform and led a pro-democracy demonstration in Tiananmen Square. Then on June 4 a line of tanks came and open fired on protesters.
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The East German Government opened the gates of the Berlin Wall
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The dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, ordered an invasion on Kuwait. On January 15,1991 U.S. forces moved in, starting with targets in Kuwait and Iraq.
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A campaign in the Persian Gulf War that mostly used high technology air power as a military tool, like laser guided bombs, against Iraqi troops.
